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AP Psych Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| correctly located the mind in the spherical head | Plato |
| believed the mind was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to the body | Aristotle |
| studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits (what and who) | phrenology; Franz Gall |
| the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes | biological psychology |
| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | neuron |
| a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body (listens) | dendrites |
| the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands (speaks) | axon |
| scientific name for cell body | soma |
| a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next | myelin sheath |
| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon (positive or negative inside?) | action potential; positive inside |
| when the myelin sheath degenerates (communication to muscle slows, with eventual loss of muscle control) | multiple sclerosis (MS) |
| a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired | refractory period |
| when there is no neural impulse (positive or negative inside?) | resting potential; negative inside |
| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | threshold |
| a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing | all-or-none response |
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron | synapse |
| tiny gap at the junction of synapse | synaptic gap/cleft |
| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. when released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neuralimpulse | neurotransmitters |
| a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron | reuptake |
| neurotransmitter; enables muscle action, learning and memory | Acetylcholine (ACH) |
| examples of malfunctions with ACH | not enough: Alzheimer's and decreased mobility |
| neurotransmitter; influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion | dopamine |
| examples of malfunctions with dopamine | not enough: Parkinson's, depression too much: Schizophrenia associated with: happiness (physcially), pain control |
| neurotransmitter; affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | serotonin |
| examples of malfunctions with serotonin | not enough: depression too much and/or not enough: insomnia associated with: happiness (mentally) |
| neurotransmitter; helps control alertness and arousal | norepinephrine |
| examples of malfunctions with norepinephrine | not enough: anxiety, depression too much: insomnia associated with: fight/flight/freeze/fawn |
| neurotransmitter; a major inhibitory neurotransmitter | GABA |
| examples of malfunctions with GABA | not enough: anxiety, insomnia, seizures/migraines |
| neurotransmitter; a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory | glutamate |
| examples of malfunctions with glutamate | not enough: Alzheimer's too much: insomnia, seizures/migraines |
| natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | endorphins |
| having not enough endorphins can be linked to... | depression |
| a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response | agonist |
| a molecule that, by bind to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response | antagonist |
| the exposed parts of the axon where the myelin sheath does not cover | Nodes of Ranvier |
| cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking | glial cells |
| the body's speedy, electrochemical network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system | nervous system |
| the brain and spinal cord | central nervous system (CNS) |
| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs | nerves |
| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | sensory (afferent) neurons |
| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands | motor (efferent) neurons |
| neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | interneurons |
| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (AKA the skeletal nervous system) | somatic nervous system |
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs | autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | sympathetic nervous system |
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy | parasympathetic nervous system |
| dilates pupils, accelerates heartbeat, inhibits digestion, stimulates glucose release by liver, stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, relaxes bladder, stimulates ejaculation in males | sympathetic nervous system (arousing) |
| contracts pupils, slows heartbeat, stimulate gallbladder, contracts bladder, allows bloodflow to sex organs | parasympathetic nervous system (calming) |
| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response | reflex |
| the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | endocrine system |
| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues | hormones |
| brain region controlling the pituitary gland (endocrine system) | hypothalamus |
| affects metabolism (endocrine system) | thyroid gland |
| inner part helps trigger the "fight-or-flight" response (endocrine system); a pair of endrocine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress | adrenal glands |
| secretes male sex hormones (endocrine system) | testis |
| secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands (endocrine system); the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the gland regulated growth and controls other endocrine glands | pituitary gland |
| help regulate the level of calcium in the blood (endocrine system) | parathyroids |
| regulates the level of sugar in the blood (endocrine system) | pancreas |
| secretes female sex hormones (endocrine system) | ovary |
| feedback system involving pituitary gland | brain --> pituitary --> other glands --> hormones --> body and brain |
| tissue destruction; a brain one of these things is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue | lesion |
| am amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp | electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's strcture | computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) |
| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task | positron emission tomography scan (PET scan) |
| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue; shows brain anatomy | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; show brain function as well as its structure | fMRI |
| responsible for automatic survival functions; the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull | brainstem |
| controls heartbeat and breathing; the base of the brainstem | medulla |
| brain's sensory control center; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; located on top of the brain stem (first thing to start to split into two halves) | thalamus |
| helps coordinate movements; just above the medulla | pons |
| a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal | reticular formation |
| the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory | cerebellum |
| neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives; including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothealamus | limbic system |
| linked to emotion; two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system | amygdala |
| directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward; a neural structure lying below the thalamus | hypothalamus |
| linked to memory | hippocampus |
| the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; ultimate control center and information-processing center | cerebral cortex |
| axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres; carries messages between them | corpus callosum |
| master endocrine gland | pituitary |
| pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes | spinal cord |
| motivation | nucleus accumbens |
| involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements; portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead | frontal lobe |
| receives sensory input for touch and body position; portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear | parietal lobes |
| includes areas that receive information from the visual fields; portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head | occipital lobes |
| includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear; portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears | temporal lobes |
| an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements | motor cortex |
| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations | somatosensory cortex |
| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking | association areas |
| the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience | plasticity |
| the formation of new neurons | neurogenesis |
| area involved in language expression | broca's area |
| area involved in language comprehension | wernicke's area |
| a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them | split brain |
| which hemisphere speaks (art) | left |
| which hemisphere can you point with or draw (he) | right |
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment | consciousness |
| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) | cognitive neuroscience |
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | dual processing |
| right-handed people usually have speech in their... | left hemisphere |
| left-handed people have their speech in their... | right hemisphere or both |
| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior | behavior genetics |
| every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us | envrionment |
| threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | chromosomes |
| a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes | DNA |
| the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins | genes |
| the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | genome |
| twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms | identical twins (monozygotic twins) |
| twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment | fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) |
| the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes | molecules genetics |
| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; varies depending on the range of populations and environments studied | heritability |
| the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) | interaction |
| the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change | epigenetics |
| the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection | evolutionary psychology |
| the principle that, among the rang of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | natural selection |
| a random error in gene replication that leads to a change | mutation |
Created by:
HannahMagdziak
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