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Anatomy exam 2
Thorax
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the line of pleural reflection? | LPP defines limit of pleural cavity |
| Where is the vertebral LPP? | costal pleura reflects ventrally to form mediastinal pleura - runs along bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
| Sternal LPP location? | costal reflects dorsally to form mediastinal pleura - get acute angle (costomediastinal recess) where basal lung border extends. |
| Diaphragmatic LPP | Costal pleura reflects onto diaphragmatic pleura - narrow acute space is costodiaphragmatic recess - border of lung fills space on expansion |
| Location of equine line of pleural reflection? | 8th CCJ - sternal end of 9th rib - curves to middle of cranial border of last rib |
| LPP in cattle? | 8th CCJ - gentle curve to middle of 11th rib - to 12th rib, 15cm from vertebral end, just below iliocostalis lumborum m. |
| Pig LPP | 7th CCJ - gentle curve to middle last rib |
| sheep/goat LPP | 8th costal cartilage to 9th CCJ - curve to 13th rib 5cm dorsal to CCJ - medial curve to cranial border of 1st lumbar transverse process |
| Where would you perform an equine thoracocentesis? | low in 7th intercostal space, cranial to 8th rib, level of CCJ |
| What are the boundaries of the area of equine lung auscultation? | Line from olecranon to caudal angle of scapula, then line from here to tuber coxae (along epaxial muscles) - third line is from olecranon to upper 16th rib |
| Area of bovine lung auscultation? | line of long head of triceps, epaxial muscles, and line from olecranon to dorsal part of 11th rib |
| Where would you listen to rumen sounds? | Left paralumbar fossa |
| What are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds? | 1st = closing of AV valves 2nd = closing of aortic/pulmonary |
| What is the puncta maxima? | the area of maximum heart sound Left AV - low 5th ICS Aortic - high in left 4th ICS Pulmonary - low in left 3rd ICS right AV - low in right 3-4th ICS |
| Pig heart location | 2nd - 5th rib |
| Sheep/Ox/Goat heart position | 2nd ICS - 5th ICS |
| Horse heart position? | 2nd ICS - 6th ICS horizontal lines from point of shoulder and olecranon |
| Horse vertebral formula | C7 T18 L5-6 S5 Ca15-21 |
| Cow vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6 S5 Ca18-20 |
| Pig vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6 S5 Ca18-20 |
| Pig vertebral formula | C7 T14-15 L5-7 S4 Ca20-23 |
| Dog vertebral formula | C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca20-24 |
| Sheep vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6-7 S4 Ca16-18 |
| Describe thoracic vertebrae | Long spinous processes (narrow cranial border, wider caudal with groove) Short bodies and flattened extremities Short transverse process (articulate with rib tubercle) |
| Where is the anticlinal vertebra? | Dog: 10-11 Pig/goat: 12 Ox: 13 Horse: 16 |
| Compare ox and horse ribs | Ox: body is longer, flatter, wider, and less curved - enlarged ventral extremity |
| # and type of ribs in Horse | 18 ribs 8 true, 10 false, 7 sternebrae |
| # and type of ribs in pig | 14 ribs 7 true, 7 false, 6 sternebrae |
| # an type of ribs in ruminants (ox, sheep, goat) | 13 ribs 8 true, 5 false, 7 sternebrae |
| # and type of ribs in cats/dogs | 13 ribs 9 true, 4 false, 8 sternebrae |
| What ligament spans between 2 rib heads? | intercapital lig |
| A ligament from rib tubercle to transverse process | Costotransverse lig |
| Name the epaxial thoracic muscles | Lateral system: iliocostalis and longissimus = ribeye Medial system: spinalis, transversospinalis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators |
| What additional pectoral part is present in large animals but not the dog? | the subclavius part of the deep part of the pectorals (they do have transverse and descending superficial, and ascending deep) |
| What makes up the hump of bulls? | massive rhomboideus muscle and fat |
| Define synsarcosis | means by which muscles are used to attach different parts of the bony skeleton to one another - attaches bones of thoracic limb to thorax (ascending pectoral, serratus ventralis, rhomboideus, trapezius) |
| What is the dorsoscapular ligament? | Modified thickening of thoracolumbar fascia in area of withers - consists of laminae - goes through serratus ventralis to attach to medial surface of scapula |
| List muscles of inspiration and expiration | Inspiration: cranial serratus dorsalis, external intercostals, rib levators, rectus thoracis, diaphragm Expiration: caudal serratus dorsalis, internal intercostals, retractors of ribs, transversus thoracis |
| Orientation of intercostals? | internal = caudodorsal external = caudoventral |
| 3 parts of the diaphragm and attachment sites? | lumbar, costal sternal lumbar = attaches to ventral longitudinal ligament (right crus at L3-4, left crus at L1-2) Costal part - from last 3-4 ribs, attaches to 8-10 costal cartilages and ribs caudal to 10 Sternal - from xiphoid cartilage |
| What are the openings in the diaphragm? | aortic and esophageal hiatuses in lumbar part (aortic = aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct; esophageal = esophaus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks, blood vessels) Caval foramen through central tendon (dense U shaped c.t. - forms cupula) |
| Cranial extent of diaphragm? | Vertex = cupula diaphragmatis 6th rib to 6th ICS |
| T/F All lobes of the lung are completely surrounded by visceral pleura | FALSE |
| Space where only thing separating thoracic from abdominal cavity is the pleura and peritoneum | Lumbocostal arch (contains sympathetic trunks, splanchnic nerves) |
| The brachial plexus passes through this muscle, the phrenic nerve originates on the lateral surface, and it has 3 parts (mostly) | Scalenus - dorsal, middle, ventral bodies in pigs dorsal absent in horse, ventral absent in carnivores |
| This space contains the accessory lobe of the lung | mediastinal recess |
| Which species have a fenestrated mediastinum? | Carnivores and horses - rare in sheep NO fenestrations in cattle, goats, pigs |
| What forms the mediastinum? | Fusion of medial surfaces of two pleural sacs |
| Lobes of horse lung? | Left: cranial and caudal Right: cranial, caudal, accessory horse = simplest |
| Pig lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal Right: cranial (tracheal bronchus), middle, caudal, accessory |
| Ruminant lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal Right: Cranial (divided and connected to tracheal bronchus), middle, caudal, accessory |
| Carnivore lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal Right: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory |
| Lung lobulation by species? | Carnivores = none Pigs = entire surface Ox = very evident on entire surface Goat = cranial and middle only Sheep = essentially absent Horse = not distinct, small irregular lobes |
| Thymus extent by species? | Ox - cranial to thoracic Pig - same as ox Horse - cervical to thoracic Dog - just thoracic |
| Where does the lymph vessel joins the venous system? | Venous angle Right venous angle - thoracic duct, left jugular trunk Right venous angle - right lymphatic duct (right jugular duct) They empty into confluence of internal and external jugular or ipsilateral subclavian vein |
| # cysterna chyli in each species, and where does the thoracic duct enter into thoracic cavity? | Single: R,P Double: D,H thoracic duct passes through aortic hiatus in D, P, H Through lumbocostal arch - R Goat - slit in right crus |
| 4 main categories of lymphocenters? | Dorsal thoracic (thoracic aortic and intercostal), ventral thoracic (cranial and caudal sternal), mediastinal (cranial, middle, caudal), bronchial (left, right, middle, cranial tracheobronchial) |
| The thoracic aortic lymphocenter (part of dorsal thoracic) is located where? What species have it? | it is found ventral to the sympathetic trunk Constant in all but dog |
| Intercostal lymphocenter (part of dorsal thoracic) is found where, and in what species? | it is found dorsal to the sympathetic trunk Not found in pig, sometimes found in dog (IC) |
| Cranial sternal lymphocenter (part of ventral thoracic) - what species? | Constant in ALL species (IC in horse) |
| Caudal sternal lymphocenter (part of ventral thoracic) | Constant in ox IC in horse and sheep |
| Which species have cranial mediastinal lymphocenter? | ALL species |
| Which species have middle mediastinal lymphocenters? | all but dog and pig (so found in horses and ruminants) |
| Whic species have caudal mediastinal lymphocenters? (found between aorta and esophagus) | all but dog (horse is IC) so absent in carnivores |
| Which species have left tracheobronchial lymphocenters? | All species |
| The pericardium is made of how many serous layers? Name them. | 3 layers mediastinal pleura (or pericardial pleura) Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
| Where is the fibrous parietal pericardium layer? What ligaments does it make? | It is a thick tough membrane between mediastinal pleura and parietal pericardium. It makes up the phrenicopericardial ligament (dog - from pericardium to diaphragm) and the sternopericardial ligaments - from pericardium to sternum, 2 in pigs |
| How much fluid is found in the pericardial cavity? | 4-6ml |
| How is the heart suspended in the thoracic cavity? | by loose endothoracic fascia - attached to fibrous pericardium |
| What is cranial-caudal extent of the heart? | 3rd to 6th ribs |
| Where is the base of hte heart? | imaginary line through middle of first rib |
| Which side of the body is more of the heart found on? | the left side (important because auricular surface closer to body wall, hear heart sounds better) |
| What species have bilateral coronary type? | pig and horse |
| what species have left coronary circulation type? | sheep, goat, ox |
| Which species have a left azygous vein? Which have a right? Which have both? | Pig has left - drains into coronary sinus Horse has right - drains to CVC Sheep, goat, ox - left drains to coronary, right drains to CVC |
| Which species have distinctly notched auricular edges? | ox, sheep, goat pig has few distinct notches |
| Left side of heart: surface name, groove name, intercostal contacts | auricular surface paraconal interventricular groove contacts ICS 3-6 origin of pulmonary artery is between auricles |
| Right side of heart: surface name, groove name, intercostal contacts | atrial surface subsinuosal interventricular groove (since its below sinus venarum of RA) contacts ICS 3-4 |
| Aortic and pulmonary valves are what type? | semilunar (have right and left cusp and septal cusp) |
| the L AV valve is what type? | bicuspid (mitral) has parietal and septal cusps |
| the R AV valve is what type? | tricuspid has parietal, septal, and angular cusps |
| Where are pectinate muscles found? | they are ridges inside the auricles |
| What are trabeculae carneae | roughened areas on wall of ventricle - bands of tissue |
| What extends from the septal to the parietal wall of the ventricle and is part of the heart's conduction system? | trabeculae septomarginalis |
| What is the intervenous tubercle? | tissue that diverts blood from cranial and caudal VC down through the right AV opening |
| Where is the fossa ovalis? | caudal to intervenous tubercle, it is a remnant of the foramen ovale |
| Where/what is the coronary sinus? | drainage of great coronary vein - found just ventral to where Caudal VC domes into sinus venarum |
| what is the ductus venosus? | shunt through the fetal liver |
| What is the ductus arteriosus? | shunt between pulmonary trunk and aorta in fetus |
| Trace the path of electrical impulse through the heart | SA node -- AV node (ventral end of atrial septum) -- AV bundle -- L and R bundle branches |
| The skeleton of the heart consists of what? | tendinous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue situated around orifices of great vessels and between atria and ventricles |
| Valve positions in horses | RAV: 4th ICS right P: 3rd ICS A: 4th ICS M/LAV: 5th |
| Ox valve positions | RAV: 3rd ICS P: 3rd ICS A: 4th rib on left M: 4th ICS |
| Dog valve positions | RAV: 4th on right P: 4th rib on left A: 5th rib on left M: 5th ICS left |
| In what species does the left subclavian artery leave the aorta separately? | dog and pig |
| What species have a single brachiocephalic trunk off the artery? | ruminant and horse |
| The internal thoracic artery is continued as what? | the cranial superficial epigastric artery |
| What are the branches of the left subclavian artery in ruminants? | costocervical, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, and continued as axillary |
| What are the branches of the ruminants costocervical trunk? | vertebral, dorsal scapular, deep cerivcal, superior intercostal |
| Branches of horse left subclavian | costocervical trunk (dorsal scapular and superior intercostal) deep cervical vertebral superficial cervical internal thoracic continues as axillary |
| The internal jugular vein is absent in what species? | small ruminants, horses |
Created by:
kwiller
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