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World History
Chapter 2 Section 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a prominent feature in the history of the Middle East? | There were many empires and invasions, rivers and civilizations |
| Who is credited with creating the first known empire? Where was he from? When did this occur? What was the extent of this empire (whom did it include)? | Sargon was the creator of the first empire. 2300 BC |
| Define the word empire. | Empire =a group of states or countries under the rule of a supreme authority-emperor or empress. |
| What lands did Sargon's empire include? | Sargon conquered all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran) |
| What factors contributed to the fall of the Akkadian Empire? | Changes in rainfall that caused migration |
| How did the Akkadians attempt to prevent this collapse? | They built a wall. |
| What followed the Akkadian Empire? | The Babylonians came next. |
| Who was the King of Babylon, who brought much of Mesopotamia (including the city-states of Sumer) under the control of his empire? | Hammurabi |
| What was probably the most lasting achievement of Hammurabi? | The code included criminal laws, civil laws, and it showed that a ruler was responsible for justice and order. |
| What were the origins of Hammurabi's code? | arrange systematically (publish) |
| Define the term codify. | arrange systematically (publish) |
| Distinguish between criminal and civil law. Examples? | Criminal law=murder, assault and theft. Civil law=private rights business contracts property, inheritance, marriage and divorce. |
| What is perhaps the most important idea gained from the Code of Hammurabi? | Most important idea is that a ruler had a responsibility to create laws for justice and order. |
| How did Hammurabi display his code? | He had the laws carved on a stone pillar. |
| What is the lasting impact of this code? | Modern law stems from Hammurabi's Code. |
| What social groups, of lesser power, received some measure of protection under Hammurabi’s Code? | Women and slaves were protected. |
| What are the two cited code provisions giving some protection to women? | Ownership of property and the right to divorce and return home.(Only if she was not to blame) |
| How did the Code of Hammurabi describe the responsibilities and roles of marriage? | Women were to remain in the home and be dependent on the husband. Husbands were expected to support the wife |
| What was the extent of the power of a father, under this code? What was the rationale (Why)? | Father’s had unlimited power over children. This system created a stable empire. |
| Define criminal law. Examples? | Criminal law is offenses against others robbery, assault and murder. |
| What factors affected the punishment of a criminal? | The status of the victim or the offender. |
| he criminal portion of the Code of Hammurabi was based upon what general principle? | An eye for an eye/life for a life |
| How would you compare this code of law to our modern concepts of justice? | Our laws today are more fair. Rich people don’t always avoid punishment |
| Despite this comparison, why might you say Hammurabi’s Code was still an improvement? | His laws were an improvement because they stopped unrestricted vengeances. |
| In addition to his code of laws, what other steps were taken by Hammurabi to bring order and prosperity to his empire? | He improved irrigation systems, organized the army, repaired temples. |
| How did he promote religious unity? Why? | He promoted Marduk to be the chief god. |
| Although it seems contradictory, how did the many conflicts and conquests, of the ancient middle east, promote the advancement of civilization? | Conquerors brought new ideas, people ousted went other places with their ideas, trade continued even during wartimes. |
| When did the Hittites invade Mesopotamia? Where did they come from? What technological advances gave them a distinctive advantage in battle? | Hittites came in 1400 BC. They came from Asia Minor. They were able to get iron out of ore to make weapons and tools. They could arm more people for less cost. |
| What advantages did iron weapons have over those made of copper or bronze? | The metal was sharper and harder |
| Although the Hittites tried to keep iron technology a secret, how did it get out? | When the empire collapsed iron smiths migrated with the technology. |
| Eventually, how widespread did this knowledge become? | It spread through Europe, Africa and Asia. |
| What hardy group of nomads would invade the Fertile Crescent around 2,000 B.C. and would become one of the most feared and warlike peoples in history? | The Assyrians came in 2000 BC |
| What was their first city-state? Why was it so named? | Assur was the first city state named after their chief god. |
| How does the Assyrian Empire compare to that of earlier empires in terms of size, power and wealth? | They continued to expand the empire for 500 years. They conquered most of the Middle East and Egypt. They were wealthy due to conquest, agriculture, and trade. |
| How did the Assyrians seek to maintain their empire? | They used tributes, trade riches and loot to build palaces and organize the cities. |
| Define the term tribute, in the context of conquered peoples | Tribute =money collected from conquered peoples. |
| What was the consequence of the tribute for Assyria? | The tribute helped pay for palaces and well-planned cities. |
| How did the Assyrian laws, that governed life in the royal palaces, affect Assyrian women? | Women were confined to secluded quarters in the palace and had to wear veils in public. |
| Identify and describe Nineveh. How did the efforts of the Assyrian Emperor Assurbanipal dramatically impact the knowledge of modern scholars? | Nineveh had a library with many cuneiform tablets. Modern scholars used the many collected tablets to learn about the ancient Middle East. Their artisans made glass and invented the lock and key. |
| Aside from their prowess in conquest and Assurbanipal’s library, what other advancements are the Assyrians credited with? | Glass making and lock and key devices. |
| What happened to the Assyrian Empire in 612 B.C., shortly after the death of Assurbanipal? | Neighboring people helped each other crush the Assyrian army. Nebuchadnezzar became king. |
| Identify and describe Nebuchadnezzar. | Aggressive and ruthless |
| What was the extent of his new Babylonian Empire? | He grew the empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. He restored the palace, canals, temples and city walls. |
| Who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon? | Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens |
| Why (according to tradition)? What distinction was this structure given? | to please his homesick wife. It was one of the Seven wonders of the world. |
| How thick were the walls around the new Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar? | The walls were 85 feet thick. |
| What beliefs drove the efforts of Nebuchadnezzar’s priest astrologers, as they mapped the movements of the stars and planets with increasing accuracy. | They believed that the stars and planets had a great influence on all events of Earth. |
| What happened to Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylonian Empire in 539 B.C.? Who led this new conquering army? How far would this new empire eventually extend? | Persian armies of Cyrus the GReat conquered Babylon. The new empire expanded to include Asia minor to India, Turkey Iran, Egypt, Afganistanand Pakistan. |
| Why is it said that in general, Persian emperors were tolerant with their conquered peoples? | They respected the customs and religious traditions of the diverse groups of [people in the empire. |
| Under which Persian emperor was the main unification of the empire achieved? | Darius I |
| What did Darius establish to help him govern his vast empire? Define this term. | Bureaucracy=a system for managing government through different bureaus/ departments run by appointed officials. |
| Identify and describe Satraps, Satrapies and the Eyes and Ears of the King. What other steps did Darius take to unify his empire? | Satrap=governor of a province Satrapy=province Eyes and Ears of the King=special that checks each provinceHe built roads to make communication better between provinces. He had government mail and traveled to see all his people. |
| How did Darius seek to improve the Persian economy? | He created weights and measures and began using coins with agreed value. |
| Define and distinguish between a barter and money economy | He created weights and measures and began using coins with agreed value. |
| What are the advantages of a money economy?) | It creates a fair exchange because the value of coin is agreed upon by all that use it. You can buy something you need without having something to trade in return. The trade is for money. |
| What people first developed the use of coins? | Lydians of Asia MInor developed the use of coins |
| Despite the efforts of Darius which system did most Persians retain? | Most Persians used the barter system |
| What is the name of the text which contains much of his religious thoughts? | Sacred teachings were in the Zend-Avesta. |
| What role did humans play in this theology? | Individuals would be judged for their actions. |
| What consequences for themselves and the universe? | Good people went to paradise and bad people had eternal suffering. People had to choose good or evil. |
| What aspects of Zoroastrian theology are common to Judaism, Christianity and Islam? | Choosing between good and evil and heaven and hell as well as judgment day. |
| Why is the Persian Empire considered one of the more important civilizations in the ancient world? | Persia influenced later civilizations. |
| What is the larger impact of Persian rule on Mesopotamian culture and the development of Western and Eastern Civilizations? | Tolerant, government, religion, mail system and good roads) Mesopotamian learning influences Greeks and Romans and other civilizations. |
| At different times, who will conquer the Persian Empire and with what cultural consequences? | Many other conquerors took over Persia and the learning and technology of Persia influenced many empires. |
| What was Phoenician civilization famous for? What geographic feature pushed them in this direction? | Phoenicians were sailors and traders. The Mediterranean Sea helped them become sailors. |
| What are some manufactured and trade commodities developed by the Phoenicians? | Glass and purple dye |
| What was the extent of the Phoenician trade routes? | They traded all around the Mediterranean Sea from North Africa to Sicily and Spain. |
| Identify and describe Tyre and Sidon. | two very important cities in Phoenicia for trade centers |
| What Phoenician colony would eventually become a great empire unto itself? | Roman Empire came out of the Phoenician empire |
| Define colony. | a territory settled and ruled by another land. |
| What is the derivation of words like bible or bibliography? | Biblio came from the city of Byblos because that is where they made books |
| What is the term historians often apply to the Phoenicians? Why? | Carriers of Civilization. Carriers of Civilization. |
| In addition to their role as the “Carriers of Civilization,” what is perhaps the single most important contribution made to Western Civilization by the Phoenicians? | Our alphabet. |
| What is an alphabet? | a system of writing that uses symbols to represent a single basic sound Consonant or vowel. |
| Trace the development of our alphabet. | Phoenecians used cuneiform and later the Greeks added vowel sounds and that became our alphabet of today. |
| Identify and describe the Gate of Ishtar. What was at the center of the city? | he Gate of Ishtar was made of blue glazed brick decorated in honor of the goddess Ishtar and symbolizing the gods Marduk and Hadad. The center of the city had enlarged and beautified ziggurats and temples honoring Marduk. |
| Identify and describe Zoroaster and his religious teachings | Zoroaster taught that there was on god named Ahura Mazda. |
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chuckie11
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