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HIST 372 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Shaka | founder of the Zulu kingdom; known for his innovative military strategies; held power through his adaptations of the traditional-age-regiment system of southern African and through generous gifts of cattle to subordinates. |
| Christianity | Monotheistic religion founded by followers of a Jewish preacher named Jesus, who was crucified by the Romans. Followers believed that he was the son of God, and that he had risen from the dead and ascended to heaven. Spread around the Mediterranean world |
| Monophysitism | A heresy arising in the fifth century that claimed there is only one nature in the Person of Christ, his human nature having been incorporated into his divine nature |
| Coptic Christianity | The Egyptian Christian Church, so called after it split from the larger Christian world following the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The name comes from its use of Coptic - the ancient Egyptian language written with a modified Greek alphabet - for liturgy a |
| Kebra Negast | (The Glory of Kings) - fictional work, tried to trace lineage from Ethiopia's Solomonic dynasty to the Israelite kings David and Solomon |
| Islam | Monotheistic religion founded in Mecca, on the Arabian Peninsula, in the seventh century by the Prophet Muhammad, who proclaimed "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God's messenger." After his death, his followers compiled his teachings to create th |
| Trans-Saharan gold trade | Between West Africa coast and the Mediterranean world. They would pan for this in the rivers. They would cross this with camel caravans led by Berbers. Kingdoms along the route traded for salt, cloth, manufactured goods, etc. |
| Mali Empire | Empire in the West African Sahel that was the successor to the declining Ghana Empire (not to be confused with the modern African nation of Mali). Founded in the 13th century, controlled territory from the Atlantic to the Niger bend. Its fortunes declined |
| Sunjata/Sundiata | 13th-century founder of the Mali Empire, whose story has been kept alive over the centuries by Mande bards. According to the epic, Sunjata was a hunter-king who rallied the Mande people to defeat the blacksmith-king of Sosso and establish the core of the |
| Mansa Musa | a Muslim ruler of the Mali Empire who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, carrying and spending so much gold on his journey that the price of gold in Cairo was depressed for a dozen years. Upon his return to Mali, he ordered the construction of the Great |
| Timbuktu | Located at the point where the Niger bend approaches the Sahara Desert, a location that made it a key transit point in the trans-Saharan trade. During the sixteenth century, was a major center of Islamic learning and scholarship. It lost much of its luste |
| Songhay/Songhai Empire | Empire that arose in the West African Sahel after the decline of the Mali Empire in the fifteenth century. The Songhay Empire controlled the trading cities of the Middle Niger region from Jenne to Gao. During the sixteenth century, the rules of Songhay ga |
| Malaria | A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood. |
| Lusophone world | Portuguese speaking |
| Queen Njinga of Ndongo | Sister of the king of Ndongo, took over the kingdom after her brother's death. After being driven out of her kingdom by a rival claimant to the throne, she joined an Imbangala war band and married its leader. She later led her Imbangala warriors to conque |
| Dahomey | Kingdom located inland from the Bight of Benin that expanded militarily in the early 18th century by conquering neighboring coastal kingdoms in order to gain direct access to trade with Euros. Continuing wars provided captives to the British, French, Port |
| Agaja | King of Dahomey; created a highly disciplined army armed with muskets that he used to conquer nearby coastal kingdoms, giving Dahomey full access to the European trading establishments on the coast. Used women bodyguards and inserted women into combat, th |
| Canoe house | Trading corporation capable of manning and maintaining one or more 50-person canoes. Instead of expanding through natural reproduction in the fashion of a traditional lineage, canoe houses expanded through the acquisition of slaves. |
| Ndebele | African tribe forced from their land by Dutch, then British. Culture was destroyed; A final offshoot of the Ndwandwe Kingdom; followers of Mzilikazi |
| Kimberley diamond fields | Became known as the "city of diamonds." Africans from all over southern Africa flocked to Kimberley at a rate of 2,000-3,000 a month as a response to mining companies raising wages to be used to buy useful items for farming. |
| Lalibela | Town in Ethiopia famous for its stone churches carved in the 1100s. Ethiopian emperor funded these churches, connected Ethiopia to Christianity at large, connects to Crusades |
| Ghana Empire | Empire in the West African Sahel that was founded between 500 and 700 CE (not to be confused with the modern African nation of Ghana). The key to the empire's prosperity was its middleman position in the gold trade with Morocco. Its prosperity declined af |
| Great Zimbabwe | city on the Zimbabwe Plateau, containing a great stone palace with walls 35 feet high. Built between the 11th and 15th centuries, Center for crafts, industry, and the gold trade, receiving trade goods from as far away as China. For reasons that are not en |
| Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. |
| Sugar Revolution | Refers to the soaring demand for a sweetener that resulted in high profits for producers, large scale plantation production in Brazil and the West Indies, and increased slave trade that resulted in about millions of Africans being brought to the new world |
| Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I) | King of Congo who converted to Christianity for economic reasons; tried to convert the rest of his country; made himself a European coat of arms |
| Asante Empire | Empire founded after Osei Tutu's Asante coalition defeated the powerful state of Denkyira in 1701. Its political unity was culturally enhanced by the symbol of the Golden Stool and the annual yam harvest festival. By the end of the eighteenth century, th |
| Swahili city-states | City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent |
| Kilwa | Swahili trading town located north of the Mozambique Channel at the southernmost reach of the monsoon winds. Kilwa received gold from the Zimbabwe Plateau via the port of Sofala. In 1500, it had the largest mosque in sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Global war capitalism | During the Early Modern Era, economics and violence became linked in new ways. Armed trade and the violent expropriation of land and labor Fueled by rationale of mercantilism Europeans did not and could not colonize large portions of Africa |
| Tsetse fly | Parasite that causes East African sleeping sickness |
| Kingdom of Kongo | powerful kingdom situated south of the mouth of the Congo River. The king proclaimed it a Christian kingdom in the early sixteenth century, and it was recognized as such by the pope in 1596, when the church in the capital was elevated to the status of a c |
| Imbangala | A people living in the hinterland of Angola who had abandoned the agricultural way of life in favor of forming mobile fighting bands. Sometimes joined forces with the Portuguese in their wars against the neighboring kingdoms. Settled down in the seventeen |
| Senegambia | Region near the Atlantic coast between the Senegal River in the north and the Gambia River in the south, located just south of the Sahara Desert. Inhabitants made their living by farming and herding. After the arrival of Europeans around 1450, region was |
| Lancados | a name given to Portuguese men who left the Cape Verde Islands to live in Africa and conduct trade. Most received permission from a local African chief to settle in a village and set up a trading post. Married African wives, and descendants have been refe |
| Osei Tutu | Ruler of a minor kingdom called Kumasi, who formed a coalition with neighboring kingdoms in the 1690s and founded the Asante Empire. Created a culture of national unity by elevating the Golden Stool of the ruler above the stools of lesser chiefs, and by i |
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