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AP World 1.3 Review
Slay
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The poetry of whom illustrated a major cross-interaction between religious traditions that shaped the history of South and Southern Asia? | Lal Ded/Mother Lalla |
| From where was Mother Lalla born? | Kashmir, a region of northern India |
| Of what religion was of Mother Lalla? | Hindu |
| To whom did Mother Lalla's emphasis on experience appeal to? | Muslims, particularly Sufis |
| What did the interaction of Hindus and Muslims create? | Although sometimes violent, their interaction created dynamic developments in religious thought, politics, economics, art and architecture. |
| What local kingdom(s) played a major role in India's decentralized political landscape? | Despite the strong Islamic presence, Hindu kingdoms, alongside Buddhism, particularly in the Sinhala dynasties in present-day Sri Lanka and the great kingdoms of Southeast Asia |
| What region was only occasionally united as a single state in its history? | South Asia |
| What Dynasty collapsed in 550 and dominated South Asia, ending the Golden Age/Classical Era of Indian history? | Gupta Dynasty |
| What returned to the South Asian region for most of the next 1000 years after the Gupta Dynasty's collapse? | Disunity |
| Which areas of India developed separate political structures? | Northern and southern India |
| What religion in the South Asian/Indian region provided cultural unity? | Hinduism |
| What would people combine with adherence to the same scriptures and core beliefs respected throughout the South Asia/Indian region? | People would combine their own local faith tradition with adherence to the same scriptures/core beliefs. |
| Which part of India was more politically stable than the other? | Southern India was more stable than northern India (south>north? very much so.) |
| What was the first kingdom that reigned over southern India? | The Chola Dynasty was the first kingdom that reigned over southern India, doing so for more than 400 years. |
| During the 11th century, where did the Chola dynasty extend its rule to? | The dynasty extended its rule to Ceylon, the large island south of India (AKA Sri Lanka nowadays) |
| What was the second kingdom that reigned over southern India? | The Vijayanagara Empire, standing for "the victorious city" |
| How did the Vijayanagara Empire begin? | It began with the arrival of two brothers from the Delhi Sultanate, who established this Hindu kingdom as a result of embracing their birth religion. |
| Who were the two brothers from the Delhi Sultanate in north-central India, and why were they sent to southern India? | The two brothers were named Harihara and Bukka: they were sent to this area since the Delhi Sultanate wished to extend its rule, however they only converted to Islam for the sake of upward mobility (moving up castes = better life) |
| Who overthrew the Vijayanagar Empire and from what time frame did this empire rule? | This empire ruled from mid-1300s to mid-1500s until they were overthrown by a group of Muslim kingdoms (Muy Sus!! Islam strikes back!) |
| Which part of India experienced a great deal more upheaval than the other? | Northern India experienced more upheaval than did Southern India |
| What kingdom gradually formed in northern India/present-day Pakistan? | The Rajput kingdoms, Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous clans, gradually formed. |
| The Rajput kingdoms were led by leaders of clans who were often ______. | At war with one another |
| The competition among clans in the Rajput kingdoms resulted in what? | No centralized government, which once again demonstrates the diversity and regionalism of South Asia |
| What did the lack of centralized power in the Rajput kingdoms leave them? | The kingdoms were vulnerable to Muslim attacks because of their lack of a centralized government |
| What land form protected India from invasions in the north and east? | The Himalayas protected India from invasions from the north and east |
| What land form allowed invasions by Muslim armies? | Mountain passes in the northwest allowed invasions by Muslim armies |
| In the 8th century, how did the Islamic presence in the North Indian region grow? | Islamic armies invaded today's Pakistan, bringing little change to everyday life. This was a region isolated from the center of the culture, along with princes that skillfully limited the Muslim conquerors' influence. |
| In the 11th century, how did the Islamic presence in the North Indian region grow? | Islamic forces plundered northern Indea's Hindu temples and Buddhist shrines for riches, erecting mosques on Hindu and Buddhist holy sites, which followers of those faiths were angered by. |
| In the early 13th century, what did Islamic forces manage to conquer? | City of Delhi and much of the northern portion of South Asia |
| What Islamic empire ruled in India for 300 years? | The Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years from the 13th through 16th centuries |
| How did Hindus interact with the introduction of Islam into India? | Some Hindus converted to Islam while others resented Muslims and considered them foreigners |
| What was one factor that contributed to the Hindus' resentment of Muslims? | The Delhi Sultanate imposed a tax on all non-Muslim subjects of the empire |
| What was the tax on all non-Muslim subjects called? | the Jizya |
| Would the Delhi Sultanate ever organize an efficient bureaucracy? How would this effect their ability to rule? | Nope, the Delhi Sultanate never organizes an efficient bureaucracy in the style of the Chinese, which led to difficulty imposing their policies in the vast and diverse Indian land. |
| Local kingdoms played a major/minor role in India's decentralized political landscape despite the strong Islamic presence in the region. | Major |
| Which direction did Sultans (Muslim Sovereigns) want to extend their rule to but couldn't? | Southward |
| What army did the Delhi Sultanate become focused on defending themselves from and from which direction? | The Mongol army from the northwest |
| Originally, the Delhi Sultanate prevented the Mongols from conquering South Asia. However, the sultans lost power to a new empire, the ____. | The Mughals, whose leaders trace their ancestry to the Mongols |
| Before the arrival of Islam, what religion did most South Asians practice? | Hinduism (obviously hehe) |
| What religion other than Hinduism was also somewhat practiced before the arrival of Islam? | Buddhism |
| Hinduism is ____theistic, meaning followers pray to ____ God/gods | Hinduism is polytheistic meaning they pray to many gods |
| Islam is ____theistic, meaning followers pray to ____ God/gods | Islam is monotheistic meaning they pray to one God |
| What are Hindu temples and artworks replete with? | They're filled with pictures of deities |
| What are Muslim temples and artworks replete with? | Muslims disapprove of any visual representation of Allah, so there would be no depictions of any sort of deity. |
| What kind of social system was associated with Hinduism? | Hinduism was associated with a hierarchical caste system |
| What kind of social system was associated with Islam? | Islam has always called for the equality of all believers |
| What kind of texts do Hindus refer to? | Hindus recognize several sacred texts |
| What kind of texts do Muslims refer to? | Muslims only look to the Quran for spiritual guidance |
| List the differences between Hinduism and Islam. | Hinduism is polytheistic; Islam is monotheistic Hindus represent their deities; Muslims do not represent Allah Hinduism has a caste system; Islam has equality Hindus have several sacred texts; Muslims have only have Quran |
| Explain how the differences of Hinduism and Islam affected how South Asians practicing Hinduism reacted to the arrival of Islam. | Hindus had a difficult time converting and accepting Islam due to the starkly different religions, so most attempts to convert subjects of Hinduism were not successful |
| Initially, what kind of approach did Islam enter India? | Islam entered India forcefully, however eventually took on a more peaceful approach |
| A universalizing religion that actively seeks converts is called one that wants to _____ | Proselytize |
| Since forcing subjects to become Muslim was unsuccessful, how did most convert to Islam? | Most converts came to Islam voluntarily |
| How would merchants influence Hindus/Buddhists to voluntarily convert to Islam? | Muslim merchants would marry wives in Indian port cities: these wives would often convert to Islam. |
| How did Islam attract low-caste Hindus? | Because of its emphasis on equality of all believers, these Hindus hoped for an improvement of social status via the conversion to Islam. (Sort of like Christianity in the Roman Empire) |
| What religion gave the most number of converts to Islam? | The largest number of converts to Islam were Buddhists, as during this time, corruption among monks and raids on monasteries left the Buddhist religion disorganized. It became a minority religion in its place of birth. |
| Did the arrival of Islam alter social structure in South Asia? | Not really, it did very little, as India's caste system is its strongest historical continuity. |
| Although the caste system was inequitable, how was this system beneficial? | It lent stability to a politically decentralized land, and it was also flexible, able to accommodate newcomers |
| How would newcomers find a place for themselves in the caste system? | Merchants and migrants found a place for themselves based on their occupation, as sub-castes based on occupation acted as workers' guilds, becoming absorbed into social fabric of Indian society |
| Why would the conversion to Islam usually not improve one of low-caste's lifestyle? | Low-caste Hindus who converted to Islam as a way to improve their social status required more education and opportunities for better jobs to help them escape their low status in life, not just a new religion. |
| In what ways did people keep to their traditions during the spread of Islam? | Muslims applied core teachings before converting: one example would be gender relations. South Asian women of Islamic and Hindu tradition would be confined to a separate social sphere, continuing this treatment through Southeast Asia |
| How would people in South Asia and the Middle East share their intellectual and cultural achievements with one another? | Arab astronomers and mathematicians added knowledge begun by Indian counterparts; developments in algebra and geometry from India were translated into Arabic and spread through Dar al-Islam |
| How did architectural details in India show the presence of Islamic influence? | Sultans erected buildings melding the intricate artistic details of Hindu art with the geometric patterns preferred by Islamic architecture. |
| What is one example of Islamic architecture built in the city of Delhi? | The Qutub Minar, standing in the southern part of the city. Towering over a mosque made with materials from nearby Hindu and other religious shrines on top of a Hindu temple is this leaning structure, which is the tallest in India today. |
| Historians debate on the reason for the Qutub Minar's construction. What may be its function? | One obvious function is its presence as a symbol of Islamic influence and previous dominance of northern India. |
| What new language was developed among Muslims of South Asia? | Urdu |
| What kind of elements did Urdu meld together from other languages? | Urdu melded the grammatical pattern of Hindi (Northern Indian language), the vocabulary of Arabic, and some parts of Farsi (Persian language). It's the official language of Pakistan today. |
| In the 12th century, what did some Hindus begin to draw upon/employ? | They began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life. |
| Rather than emphasis on texts or performing rituals, what would Hindus focus on developing, and what was this development called? | They focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity, and this was known as the Bhakti Movement, which started in southern India. |
| Why was the Bhakti Movement appealing to many believers? | It did not discriminate against women or people of low social status. |
| Who is one of the most famous figures of the Bhakti Movement? | The female poet, Mira Bai, who lived in the 16th century. |
| What group was similar to the bhaktis (who were Hindus) and how were they similar? | Sufi Muslims and Bhaktis groups were both mystical movements that emphasized inner reflection for achieving a direct personal relationship with a deity. Sufis helped spread Islam while Bahktis helped spread Hinduism |
| Why were the Bhakti and Sufi movements appealing to people outside their traditions? | They placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs. |
| What lands of Southeast Asia were strongly influenced by South Asia? | Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. |
| Who had contact with Southeast Asian lands and what was exchanged? | Indian merchants had contact with Southeast Asian lands as early as 500 BCE, and merchants sold gold, silver, metal goods, and textiles and brought back fine spices. |
| What introduced the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia? | Trade voyages |
| Much of the Southeast Asia region became and remains today mostly ________ (religion) | Buddhist |
| Why was the Southeast Asia region strategically significant? | Whoever controlled this region could influence the valuable trade between South Asia and East Asia |
| What were two particularly long-lasting kingdoms which emerged in Southeast Asia? | The Srivijaya Empire and Majapahit Kingdom |
| What was the Srivijaya Empire? | It was a Hindu Kingdom lasting from 670-1025 based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ship travel between India and China |
| What was the Majapahit Kingdom? | It was a Buddhist Kingdom lasting from 1293-1520 and based on Java. It had 98 tributaries at its height and sustained power by controlling sea routes, like the Srivijaya Empire. |
| What kingdom in a Sri Lanka drew power from their control over land? | The Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka. They had their roots in the arrival of early immigrants, probably merchants, from north India. |
| People of what religion arrived in the Southeast Asian kingdoms in 3rd century BCE, and what did the island become? | Buddhists arrived, and the island became a center of Buddhist study |
| What did both men and women find attractive in kingdoms of Southeast Asia? | They found a life of contemplation and simple living attractive |
| What kinds of religious buildings flourished in Southeast Asia? | Monasteries and nunneries flourished |
| Because Buddhism was so deeply embedded into the kingdoms in Southeast Asia, ______ ______ often served as advisors to the monarchs. | Buddhist priests |
| What did the government of one kingdom oversee the construction of in Southeast Asia? | They oversaw the construction of a network of reservoirs and canals to create an excellent irrigation system, which contributed to economic growth. |
| What ultimately weakened the Southeast Asia kingdoms? | Attacks by invaders from India and conflicts between the monarchy and the priests ultimately weakened the kingdoms |
| What was the Khmer Empire (AKA Angkor Kingdom) | A kingdom which ruled from 802-1431 and was situated near the Mekong River, not dependent of maritime prowess for power. |
| What led to economic prosperity for the Khmer empire? | Its complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity |
| How were the irrigation and drainage systems beneficial for farmers in the Khmer empire? | It allowed for farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year, and drainage systems reduced the impact of heavy monsoon rains. |
| How was the presence of Indian cultural influences shown in Angkor Thom? (Capital city of Khmer empire) | Temples showed variety of Hindu artwork and sculptures of deities, however at some point, the rulers became Buddhist |
| During the same period as the Khmer Empire, what was constructed one-half mile from Angkor Thom? | Rulers constructed the ornate and majestic Buddhist temple complex of Angkor Wat |
| Who invaded the Khmer Empire area? | Thais (Thailand) of the Sukhothai Kingdom |
| Who were the first Southeast Asian Muslims? | Local merchants in the 700s, who hoped to have better trading relations with the Islamic merchants who arrived on their shores |
| Islam was most popular in urban areas. List areas which Islam spread to. | Islam spread to Sumatra, Java, and the Malay Peninsula. Today's Indonesia includes more Muslims than any other country |
| Sufi's did missionary work in Southeast Asia. Why did people feel comfortable converting to Islam? | Because of their tolerance for local faiths, people felt comfortable converting to Islam as they could be Muslims and still honor local deities. |
| What was the Gupta Dynasty's centralized government based on? | Their centralized government was based in Pataliputra, a city in northwest India |
| How was the Gupta Dynasty a center of thriving intellectual and cultural life? | The region included high-towered temples to honor Hindu gods, alongside advances in medicine, numbering system 0-9, and idea of place value. |
| How did the Delhi Sultanate develop and maintain power? | Although they had no organized bureaucracy, they founded colleges and improved irrigation systems. They also built mosques with influences of Hinduism |
| How did the Delhi Sultanate's belief system affect society? | Non-Muslims living in the area were expected to pay Jizya, and Sultans sometimes ordered Hindu temples to be destroyed, leading to increased tension regarding religion. |
| Where was the Delhi Sultanate located, and who controlled them? | Northern India, controlled by Sultans |
| Where was the Vijayanagara Empire located? | Mostly Southern India |
| How did the Vijayanagara Empire develop and maintain power? | They used the authority already present in Northern India (Delhi Sultanate) to extend power into the south |
| Where were the Rajput kingdoms located? | Northern India and present-day Pakistan |
| Who ruled the Rajput kingdoms? | Several Hindu principalities and small clans in charge were the rulers of their own areas. This was called Regionalism |
| How did the Rajput kingdoms develop and maintain power? | They had no centralized government, and many of these kingdoms were often at war with each other for influence |
| What religion did the Vijayanagara Empire practice? | Hinduism |
| What religion did the Rajput kingdoms practice? | Hinduism and Buddhism |
| From who were the Rajput kingdoms often forced to unite against? | They were often forced to unite for protection against threats of invading Muslim forces |
| Where was Majapahit located? | Present-day Indonesia |
| How did Majapahit develop and maintain power? | Majapahit was a sea-based kingdom which used its control of sea routes for power and trade control |
| What religion did Majapahit people practice? | Buddhism, however the sea routes would eventually lead to an expansion of Islam in the area |
| Where were the Sinhala dynasties located? | Sri Lanka |
| How did the Sinhala dynasties develop and maintain power? | The Sinhala dynasties were land based kingdoms which drew power from control over land, alongside being a center for Buddhist study |
| What were some innovations of the Sinhala dynasties? | They included networks of reservoirs and canals for irrigation |
| How did the Sinhala dynasty's belief system affect society? | Their Buddhist priests often advised monarchs, and there was a major presence of both monasteries and nunneries |
| Where was the Khmer Empire located? | Southeast Asia and present day Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand |
| How did the Khmer Empire develop and maintain power? | They utilized irrigation and drainage systems for a prosperous economy and were very skilled at complex architecture |
| What religion did the Khmer Empire people practice? | Mostly Hinduism with some merchants practicing Islam. Their beliefs carried to Southeast Asia through the Indian ocean, allowing for a large Buddhist population |
| Where was the Sukhothai Kingdom located? | Present-day North Central Thailand |
| How did the Sukhothai Kingdom develop and maintain power? | They invaded the land and forced out Khmer Empire rulers in 1431, and was known for contributions of emerging Thai culture |
| What were the cities in the Sukhothai Kingdom known for? | Although small, they were known for their elegant Buddhist temples, places, monuments, and waterways |
| What led to new forms of practicing Hinduism and Islam during 1200-1450? | The expanding influence of religious tolerance |
| What was the Bhakti Movement viewed as? | A less rigid and more mystical form of Hinduism which represented a focus on emotion in Hindu spiritual life |
| What did the Bhakti Movement focus on? | Singular deities rather than emphasis on studying texts or rituals, inclusive of women and people of low status |
| What did Sufism focus on? | Mystical interpretations of Islam via devotional teachings, modest ways of living and a reputation for supernatural powers |
| Where did Sufism follow Muslim armies and merchants to? | It followed them to Central and Southeast Asia, India, and parts of Africa |
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