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AP World 1.2 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What areas did Dar al-Islam include? | Areas in Southern Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and India. |
| What was the House of Wisdom and where was it located? | A renowned center of learning; it was located in Baghdad (the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate) |
| What three groups of people posed a challenge to the Abbasid Empire? | the Egyptian Mamluks, the Seljuk Turks, and the Mongols |
| Who/what were Mamluks? | Enslaved people bought to serve as soldiers, often ethnic Turks from Central Asia, |
| How did the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) prosper? | They facilitated trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe. |
| Who were the Seljuk Turks? | Muslims from Central Asia that conquered parts of the Middle East |
| What was the title of the Seljuk leader? | Sultan |
| Which nomadic group conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire in 1258, ending Seljuk rule? | The Mongols |
| What led to the decline of Baghdad? | Trade patterns shifted farther north; Baghdad lost its wealth and population |
| How did Islamic scholars carry on/preserve the work of others? | Translated Greek literature into Arabic, studied mathematics from India, and adapted paper making from China |
| What would happen to the Abbasid Caliphate politically over time? | It fragmented and broke apart into different states |
| Identify the contributions of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. | Made advances in astronomy (produced accurate astronomical charts), math (trigonometry), law, ethics, and medicine |
| What fields of study did Ibn Khaldun contribute to? | Historiography and sociology |
| Who was 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah and what did she do? | She was a Sufi poet who wrote about her journey to mystical illumination. |
| What group of people were viewed with the most prestige in Islamic society? | Merchants |
| What did merchants have to do to be esteemed? | Maintain fair dealings and give to charity as the Islamic faith instructed |
| How did Islam address slavery? | Islam allowed slavery, but monotheists (Muslims, Christians, etc.) could not be enslaved |
| What did many slaves do in hopes it would free them? | They converted to Islam. |
| What cultural practice for women was solidified under Islam? | Covering their heads and faces (referred to as hijab) |
| What were Islamic women allowed that gave them "higher status" than other women in different societies? | Could inherit property and retain ownership after marriage, remarry, divorce, practice birth control, study and read, and could testify in court |
| What military defeat marked the limit of rapid Islamic expansion into Western Europe? | The loss of the Battle of Tours |
| What area did the Umayyads successfully invade? | Spain |
| What was the capital of Al-Andalus, the Islamic region in Spain, which also had the largest library at the time? | Cordoba |
| What two cities/places were centers of learning in Dar al-Islam? | Baghdad and Al-Andalus (the Islamic state in Spain) |
| What did Islamic scholarship, scientific innovations, and knowledge from India and China lay the groundwork for? | the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution in Europe |
| What did non-Muslims have to do to continue to practice their faith in Dar al-Islam? | They had to pay a tax called jizya |
| What trade routes were utilized throughout Dar al-Islam? | the Silk Roads, sea routes through the Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan routes to West Africa |
| Of what religion were the Seljuk Turks? | Islam |
| What three empires with Turkic roots did the Abbasid Caliphate evolve into? | The Ottoman Empire (in Turkey), the Safavid Empire (in Persia), and the Mughal Empire (in India). |
| What role did slave women often fulfill to Islamic men? | They often served as concubines to men who already had their allotment of 4 wives. |
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