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ANSC221PurdueSet#1
From Purdue University course taught by Dr. Forsyth, Exam #1 preparation.
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Dr. James Lind | Observed sailors with scurvy were healed with citrus juice (but failed to recognize that observations importance) |
Antoine Lavoisier | French scientist during the Age of the Enlightenment, credited as being the "Father of Nutrition" |
Dr. Stephan Babcock | Helped open the modern era of nutrition by proposing a single plant feeding experiment. |
Daniel | The very first nutritional experiment recorded |
Dr. William Beaumont | Early observations published on nutritional physiology by collaborating with Alexio St. Martin |
The High latent heat of vaporization for water is important because it ----. | Helps cool an animal when it sweats (or pants) |
The High dielectric constant for water is important because it ----. | Helps in getting nutrients to cells and waste materials away from cells |
The High specific heat for water is important because it ----. | Keeps body temperature from increasing quickly with exercise |
Which nutrient class provides most of the energy in most livestock diets? | Carbohydrates |
Which nutrient class has the highest energy concentration? | Fats |
The function for carbohydrates in the diet is to provide -------. | Energy |
Proteins are made of ------ -------. | Amino Acids |
Carbohydrates are mode of ------. | Sugars |
Fats are made of ---- + -------. | Glycerol + fatty acids |
DNA and RNA are made of ------- -----. | Nucleic Acids |
Most energy in plants is contained in the form of -------. | Carbohydrates |
Funk | Made the word "vitamin" from "vital+amine" |
Hippocrates | Proposed the one nutrient theory; assumed all people are made of the same nutrient because they are the same |
Which class of nutrients is analyzed by determining the amount of nitrogen present? | Protein |
T/F: Plants and animals typically contain about the same levels of carbohydrates? | False, animals have a lower carb level |
What polysaccharide is stored in small amounts in animal cells? | Glycogen |
What is table sugar? | Sucrose |
What is blood sugar? | Glucose |
What is a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose? | Maltose- w/ an alpha bond Cellubiose- w/ a beta bond |
What is a polysaccharide consisting of straight chains of glucose? | Amylose |
What is a polysaccharide consisting of branched chains of glucose? | Amylopectin |
What is a carbohydrates that is indigestible by enzymes from mammals but can be partially digested by bacterial enzymes? | Cellulose |
What is a substance that although not a carbohydrate, is found along with carbohydrate on analysis, that is completely indigestible and interferes with digestion of other components of the diet? | Lignin |
What vitamin is formed from carotene? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin is necessary for normal blood clotting? | Vitamin K |
What vitamin prevents xeropthalmia? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin is not needed by animals because they can synthesize it but humans cannot? | Vitamin C |
What vitamin prevents pernicious anemia? | Vitamin B12 |
What vitamin is 1,25 di-hydroxy-cholecalciferol? | Vitamin D |
What vitamin prevents certain birth defects of the neural tube? | Folic acid |
What vitamin interacts with selenium and prevents membrane damage by acting as an antioxidant? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin is destroyed by thiaminase? | Thiamin |
What vitamin can be gotten from sunlight on the skin? | Vitamin D |
What vitamin is ascorbic acid? | Vitamin C |
What vitamin is d-alpha-tocopherol? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin activity does menadione provide? | Vitamin K |
What vitamin prevents scurvy? | Vitamin C |
What vitamin prevents rickets? | Vitamin D |
What vitamin activity is in retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin is added to sows diets to increase litter size? | Choline |
What vitamin prevents skin lesions but can be negatively impacted by avidin (which is found in raw eggs)? | Biotin |
What vitamin prevents goose stepping in pigs? | Pantothenic acid |
What vitamin is called "vitamin B12"? | Cyanocobalamine |
What vitamin deficiency can be caused by a cobalt deficiency? | Vitamin B12 |
What vitamin prevents night blindness? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin is part of the flavoproteins involved in electron transfer in the cell? | Riboflavin |
What are the 2 classes of vitamins? | Fat soluble Water soluble |
What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A, D, E, K |
What is the general function of fat soluble vitamins? | Structure of the body |
What is the general function of water soluble vitamins? | Intermediary metabolism |
What vitamin deficiency results in epithelial integrity problems? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin deficiencies results in reproductive problems? | Vitamin A Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in xeropthalmia? | Vitamin A |
What vitamin deficiency results in bone malformation? | Vitamin D |
What vitamin deficiency results in rickets? | Vitamin D |
What vitamin deficiency results in exudative diathesis? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in white muscle disease? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in stiff lamb disease? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in encephalomalacia? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in cellular membrane peroxidation problems? | Vitamin E |
What vitamin deficiency results in pellagra? | Niacin |
What vitamin deficiency results in black tongue? | Niacin |
What vitamin deficiency results in perosis? | Choline |
What vitamin deficiencies can results in anemia? | B12, B6, Folic Acid, Fe, Cu, and Co |
What vitamin deficiencies results in mulberry heart disease? | Vitamin E Selenium |
Which vitamin deficiency results in BERI BERI? | Thiamine |
What would be reduced to help prevent milk fever? | Calcium |
What vitamin is necessary to use Ca and P? | Vitamin D |
Phyloquinone and menadione have which vitamin activity? | Vitamin K |
What vitamin deficiency results in paralysis and curled toes from nerve degeneration? | Riboflavin (B2) |
Biotin is involved in what? | Fat synthesis |
Folic acid is involved in what? | Incorporation of single carbon units into molecules |
What is the first limiting amino acid for animals? | Lysine |
What amino acid is active in both its D and L forms? | Methionine |
What amino acid is checked for proper metabolization in babies? | Phenylalanine |
Crude protein is determined by N x -----. | 6.25 |
Fat has ---- times form energy than carbs. | 2.25 |
Dr. Linus proposed that vitamin --- could help prevent colds. | C |
What mineral in blood is often deficient in piglets? | Iron |
What mineral is required, especially by sheep, but is also highly toxic? | Copper |
What mineral prevents parakeratosis? | Zinc |
What mineral is tied up in plants by phytate and can be freed by phytase? | Phosphorus |
What mineral is supplied routinely in common salt? | Sodium |
What mineral prevents goiters and is a part of the hormone thyroxine? | Iodine |
What mineral is sometimes fed to pigs for an antibiotic-like growth response? | Copper |
What mineral is sometimes feed to young pigs to help with health and growth? | Zinc |
What mineral is necessary for blood to clot? | Calcium |
What mineral is the greatest concern in agricultural pollution? | Phosphorus |
What mineral is present in methionine? | Sulfur |
What miner deficiency can result in perosis? | Manganese |
What mineral interacts with vitamin E? | Selenium |
What mineral is toxic and can cause a copper deficiency? (Hint-Not copper) | Molybdenum |
Which mineral has a regulated level allowed in feed by the FDA? | Selenium |
What element is usually supplied with sodium or potassium? | Chloride |
What three elements do carbs, fats, and proteins have in common? | C, H, O |
Name three pentoses | Xylose, Arabinose, Ribose |
Name four hexoses | Glucose, Fructose, Manose, Galactose |
What is sucrose made of? | Glucose + Fructose |
What is lactose made of? | Glucose + Galactose |
What is maltose made of? | Glucose + Glucose w/ Beta-bond |
What bonds between glucose are present in starch? | Alpha |
What bonds between glucose are present in cellulose? | Beta |
What type of starch is seen in amylose? | Straight chained |
What type of starch is seen in amylopectin? | Branched chain |
What are the three volatile fatty acids? | Oleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic |
What are the two saturated long chain fatty acids? | Palmitic, Stearic |
What is the mono-unsaturated long chain fatty acid? | Oleic |
What are fats made of? | Fatty Acids + Glycerides |
What does "polyunsaturated" mean? | A fatty acid that has multiple carbon double bonds |
What are the three essential fatty acids? | Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic |
What is the major symptom seen in a fatty acid deficient animal? | Growth failure |
What are the 10 essential amino acids? | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Ardinine, Leucine, Lysine |
What 2 additional amino acids are needed for baby chicks? | Proline , Glycine |
Which amino acid contains S and can be partially replaced by Cystine? | Methionine |
What are the non-essential toxic minerals? | Pb, Hg, As, Al, Cd |
What are the essential toxic minerals? | Se, Cu, F, I, Mo |
How is calcium regulated in blood? | PTH monitors for low blood Ca levels Calcitonin monitors for high Ca levels |
What percentage of water loss is fatal? | 12% |
What are the three water sources for animals? | Drinking Water, Feed, Metabolism |
Which nutrient class is analyzed as crude fiber and NFE? | Carbohydrates |
Which nutrient class is soluble in ether? | Fats |
Which nutrient class is analyzed by Kjeldahl procedure? | Protein |
How much energy do Fats:Carbohydrates:Proteins have? | 9:4:4 |
What form of an amino acid is usually the active form? | L |
What are the macro minerals? | Calcium, Phosphorous, Sodium, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium |
Which minerals are necessary for bone formation? | Calcium |
Which minerals are necessary for blood clotting? | Calcium + Potassium |
What vitamin has activity from menadione, phyloquinone, and menaquinone? | Vitamin K |
What vitamin is retinol? | Vitamin A |
Which vitamin prevents Beri Beri? | B1 (Thiamine) |
Which vitamin can cause anemia and is found in the alcohol, amine, and aldehyde forms? | B6 (Pyridoxine) |
What vitamin deficiency results in pernicious anemia? | B12 (Cyanocobalamine) |
What vitamin forms part of the flavoproteins in the electron transport system? | B2 (Riboflavin) |
What vitamin deficiency can cause pellagra in humans and black tongue in dogs? | Niacin |
What vitamin can contribute methyl groups? | B12 (Cyanocobalamine) |
What vitamin forms part of NAD and NADP? | Niacin |
Laying hens need more of what mineral compared to other animals? | Calcium |
What is the most common cause of anemia in relation to diet? | Iron deficiency |
What mineral is important for the formation of connective tissue? | Copper |
What mineral is very toxic to sheep? | Copper |
What mineral is commonly added to pig diets to help assist with growth? | Copper |
What type of animals need methionine to allow their bacteria to incorporate it? | Ruminants |
An ------- deficiency can cause a goiter to form on animals and humans. | Iodine |
What mineral is very lacking in Indiana soil so we cannot find it in our plant products? | Iodine |
A -------- deficiency can cause perosis in chicks and skeletal and reproductive issues in other animals. | Manganese |
What mineral is a constituent of enzymes? | Zinc |
A ---------- deficiency can cause parakeratosis and other growth issues. | Zinc |
This mineral has no deficiency side effects but has toxicity effects | Selenium |
----------- can become highly concentrated in grasses, the toxicity leads to degradation of tissues. | Selenium |
Selenium requires which vitamin to be supplemented along with it? | Vitamin E |
What is a noticeable sign of parakeratosis? | Skin problems |
A lack of zinc can ----- the reproductive development of males. | Slow |
What two minerals are required in very low amounts? | Chromium, Fluoride |
Copper can be fed at 250 ppm for how long for pigs? | During the duration of growth |
Zinc can be fed at 1000ppm for how long for pigs? | During time of weaning |
What is another name for selenium toxicity? | Grass staggers |
What mineral was banned as a feed additive by the FDA because it was believed to cause cancer? | Selenium |
What is a feed additive? | Drugs or other chemicals that are added to feeds and do NOT supply nutrients |
What is another name for Somatotropin hormone? | Growth Hormone, BST |
How is Somatotropin used? | It is given to mature dairy cows to promote milk development |
What is the abbreviation for diethylstilbestrol? | DES |
Why is DES banned? | It was regularly found in carcasses so the FDA banned it to keep it out of food. |
Can DES be used in humans? | No, it is illegal. It can cause cervical cancer in women |
T/F: The FDA has put in regulations and guidelines for feed additives. | True, THESE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED!!! |
Where are hormone implants usually injected on an animal? | Behind the ear since the head is removed during slaughter |
How must BST be given to animals? | An injection (usually daily) |
What are the 2 concerns when using antibiotics? | Residues, Microbacterial Resistance |
Why are steers given progesterone and estradiol benzoate? | This promotes muscle growth without producing male secondary sex characteristics |
Why are beef heifers given testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate? | Promotes muscle growth |
T/F: Antibiotics can legally used in animals to promote growth. | False, this has been banned in order to help reduce antibiotic resistance |
What essential minerals won't help a nonruminant animal if they are not connected to a vitamin? | Sulfur, Cobalt |
What is the primary anion in cells? | Chloride |
What is the primary cation in cells? | Potassium |
What is the primary cation in cells? | Sodium |
Is there a risk of giving piglets too much iron? | Too much iron can harm piglets by allowing microbial growth, causing scours |
What are the 2 things that copper interacts with and all 3 can effect each other's levels? | Molybdenum and Sulfur |
Is the iron in rust available to animals? | No |
Ribose | A pentose sugar |
Fructose | A hexose sugar commonly found in fruit |
Galactose | A hexose sugar that forms lactose |
Cellobiose | A pair of beta-glucoses sharing a beta bond |
Hemicellulose | Non-cellulose polysaccharides found in plant cell walls |
Amylase | An enzyme that breaks down starch and glycogen into sugars |
Cellulase | An enzyme NOT found in animals that breaks down cellulose into glucose |
Xylose | A pentose sugar common in plants |
Mannose | A hexose sugar |
NPN | |
True Protein | Actual amount of protein in a feed/food |
Crude Protein | Amount of protein that can be derived from nitrogen within a feed/food |
What is milk sugar? | Lactose |
Why is lignin present? | Helps for the structure of a cell wall and promotes mineral transport |
What is the nutritional significance of lignin? | It cannot be digested by ruminant or nonruminant animals |
What is the portion of proximate analysis is lignin present in? | |
What is the group of lipids besides mono-, di-, and triglycerides? | Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Gerebrosides, Waxes |
What vitamin causes a reduced litter size in pigs? | Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Biotin |
What is the difference between Vitamin D2 and D3? | Vitamin D2 comes from plants Vitamin D3 comes from animals |