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psy101 part 2
Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thorndike's Puzzle Box | Trial & Error Learning |
| Skinner Box | Pigeons feed and box recorded frequencies of responses. Rat and petal to get pellet of food. Lever=stimulus Pressing=response Food=consequence |
| Positive Reinforcement | A desired reinforcer is presented after a response increasing the likelihood of reoccurrence of a behavior. Ex = food, attention. sometimes scolding = bad attention. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Unpleasant circumstance or event is removed following a desired behavior. Shock stops when bar is pressed. |
| Primary Reinforcers | Events or objects inherently satisfying a physical need (food, water, relief from pain) |
| Secondary reinforcers | Learned reinforces that do not satisfy a physical need (money, grades, attention) |
| Continuous reinforcement | Rewarded for each desired response. |
| Partial reinforcement | Intermittent reinforcement. |
| Fixed interval (time) | Reward after a fixed amount of time. |
| Variable interval | Rewarded on an average over time. |
| Fixed ratio | (# of times) reward after a fixed number of responses. |
| Variable ratio | Rewarded on a varied rate of response. |
| Classical conditioning | Learned association between US and CS. Organism is passive. Responses elicited. |
| Operant conditioning | Associate response and reinforcement. Organism is active. Responses emitted. |
| Bandura | Much learning is done in a social context. Bobo Doll Study. |
| Sensation | The awareness of properties of an object or an event when a sensory receptor is stimulated. Physical energy strikes a sense organ. Receptors send signal to the brain. |
| Light | a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave. |
| Amplitude | perception of brightness |
| Wavelength | Wavelength the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. perception of color. Longer:RED Shorter:VIOLET |
| Cornea | where light enters the eye |
| Lens | focuses the light rays on the retina |
| Iris | Colored ring of muscle surrounding the pupil |
| Pupil | Regulates amount of light |
| Retina | Neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye which absorbs light, processes images, and sends information to the brain. |
| Optic disk or nerve | Where the optic nerve leaves the eye/ blind spot |
| Fovea | The small, central region of the retina with the highest density of cones and the highest resolution |
| Rods (100-120 million) | Very sensitive to light. Only register shades of gray. black and white/low light vision. |
| Cones (5-6 million) | Sensitive to particular wavelengths. Allow color vision &daylight vision. |
| Nearsightedness | A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects. |
| Farsightedness | A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects. |
| Sleep Stages | Stage 1-Hypnogogic. Stage 2-Sleep spindles. Stages 3&4-Delta waves. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. |
| Sleep Stage 1 | Lasts about 5 minutes. Breathing becomes deeper and more regular Brain waves lessen. You can be easily awakened in this stage. If awaken you do not feel like you even fell asleep. Body jerks. |
| Sleep Stage 2 | Lasts about 20 minutes. EEG record sleep spindles. Brief bursts of brain activity. Person more relaxed and less responsive to environment. Feel like you are asleep. |
| Sleep Stage 3 | Brain produces delta waves. Slow, high amplitude brain waves. Heart rate and body temp decrease. Person is hard to wake. |
| Sleep Stage 4 | Person in deep sleep. Hard to awaken. Waking = disorientation. Heart rate, body temp, and blood pressure are at their lowest. |
| Sleep Stage REM | After an hour the cycle reverses Instead of stage 1 the person goes into Rapid Eye Movement More brain activity than in waking hours Dreams are vivid &easy to remember Breathing &heart rate are irregular Genitals show arousal Muscle relaxed &unrespo |
| Chemicals in Sleep | Acetylcholine-Activated so we can sleep. Sleeping pills. neurotransmitter = serotonin &norepinephrine. Melatonin-Helps us sleep. |
| Annual Cycle | On an annual cycle geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder caused by dark winter months. |
| Sleep Theories | Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the night when predators loom kept our ancestors out of harm. Sleep Recuperates: Heals brain/body tissue. Helps Remembering: Restores & rebuilds memories. Sleep &Growth: During sleep pituitary gland releases growth hormones. |
Created by:
bja34
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