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AP3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gunpowder Empires | Refers to large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control their territories |
| Gutenberg Printing Press | Used movable type to print, allowed printed items to be more readily available, and increased literacy. |
| Ivan IV | Called Ivan the Terrible. He expanded the Russian boarder eastward, first by taking control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia held by the decedents of the Golden Hordes, the Mongolian conquerors. |
| Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. |
| Manchus | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. |
| Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911)Dynasty founded by the Manchus. |
| Kangzi Emperor | One of China's longest-reigning emperors. Ruled from 1616-1722. He presided over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty. |
| Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796) | Another important Qing ruler. He was a poet and also knowledgeable in art and calligraphy. Qianlong initiated military campaigns in land west of China, which led to the annexation of Xinjiang accompanied by the mass killings of the local population. |
| Tamerlane | Timur the Lame, a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century. |
| ghazi ideal | A model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam. |
| Ottoman Empire | The largest and most enduring of the great islamic empires. A single dynasty controlled the empire for more than 600 years. |
| Suleiman I | Ruler of Ottoman Empire during its peak. He is referred to as Suleiman the Magnificent and/or the Lawgiver. |
| Ismail | An early Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq. Although only 14 or 15 years old, he soon conquered all fo Iran and was proclaimed shah in 1501. |
| Shah | Equivalent to king or emperor. |
| Safavid Empire | Rose to power in the 1500s due to their land-based military might and strong leadership. |
| Shah Abbas I | Called Abbas the Great. He presided over the Safavid Empire at its height. |
| Akbar | Babur's grandson. He achieved grand religious and political goals for the Mughal Empire. |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
| Castes, jatis | Strict social groupings designated at birth. |
| Divine Right of Kings | The right to rule was given to a king by God. |
| Justices of the peace | English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government. |
| English Bill of Rights | King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army. |
| absolute | Government directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles. |
| intendants | French royal officials - bureaucratic elite - sent out to eh provinces to execute the orders of the central government. |
| tax farmers | The intendants themselves were sometimes referred to as this because they oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the French royal government. |
| Louis XIV of France | Ruled from 1643-1715, espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator. He combined the lawmaking and the justice system in his own person - he was absolute. |
| Versailles Palace | Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture. |
| Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats who stood at the top of the social pyramid. |
| Serfdom in Russia | Serfs were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In return, the serfs were bound to that land and had little personal freedom. Transfer of land ownership to another noble included control over the serfs on that land. |
| Romanov Dynasty | Took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan the IV's death in 1584. This led to Peter the Great's rule from 1682-1725. |
| Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |
| Devshirme System | The practice by which the Ottoman Empire conscripted boys from Christian families (of a conquered people), who were converted to Islam and trained by Janissary soldiers. |
| Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. |
| Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai. |
| Edo | Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate. |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | During the period of his rule, 1600-1616, he began a line of line of shoguns that continued to rule Japan into the mid-19th century, in an era known as the Period of Great Peace. |
| Period of Great Peace | Change in Samurai role; period of time in Japan in which everything was stable and peaceful |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | Set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system. |
| Akbar | Most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration,(not typical of ancient and post-classical India). |
| Delhi | Capital of the Mughal empire in Northern India. |
| Zamindars in Mughal Empire | Paid government officials who were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply. |
| Askia the Great | Muslim ruler who led Songhai to the height of its power |
| Taj Mahal | Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. It combines the arts of Islam (calligraphy, illumination of manuscripts, and ceramic) with local arts to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs. |
| Tax farming | Local officials and private tax collectors distant from the central government use to finance an economy backed by a powerful military. |
| tributes | A gift given from one state to another as a way for the more powerful to demand recognition of their power and authority. |
| Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. |
| indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. |
| simony | The selling or buying of a position in a Christian church. |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg, which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. |
| John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. |
| elect | Calvinism - Those predestined to go to heaven ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church. |
| predestined | destiny; fate; decided beforehand |
| Puritans | Wanted to purify the Church of English of Catholic remnants. |
| Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry Anne. |
| Charles V | The powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Anglican Church of England | When Henry the VIII was denied permission to divorce his first wife, Catherine, he set himself up as head of this new church of England - one that would be free of control by the pope in Rome. |
| Holy Synod | The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was composed of clergymen overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar. |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholic Church's attempt to stop the Protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church |
| Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - "root out and punish nonbelievers". |
| Jesuits | A religious order founded in 1540. It also opposed the spread of Protestantism. The Jesuits undertook missionary activity throughout he Spanish Empire as well as in Japan and India. |
| Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and concentrate on recriminating the ritual such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests. |
| Philip II | (1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. |
| Spanish Armada | "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555 - agreement allowing each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. |
| Edict of Nantes (1598) | Decree issued by the French crown allowing Huguenots (French Protestants) to practice tier faith. |
| Thirty Years' War | Initially the result of religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire. It gradually developed into a more general conflict involving European powers. |
| Peace of Westphalia | Peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It allowed each are of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. |
| Shari'ah | Strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance. |
| Sikhism | A monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist, became the fifth most popular religion in the world by the 21st century. |
| empiricism | Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method. |
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