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H324 Midterm
Core course vocabulary for H324 at SCSU (Chapters 1-6)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jumping | This occurred during the Gold Rush era that allowed American squatters gain fraudulent proof of ownership and take away land legally held by Spanish and Mexican landowners in California. |
| 14th Amendment | This Amendment defined United States citizenship and protected individual and civil rights from abridgments by the states. Overturned the Dred Scott decision that had ruled that African Americans could never be citizens. |
| 15th Amendment | This amendment granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." |
| Assimilation | When a weaker group adopts the culture, language, and religion of a dominant group. |
| Bargain of 1877 | This compromise was an unwritten deal, informally arranged among U.S. Congressmen, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 presidential election. |
| Black Codes | Racist laws in the post-Civil War South that were intended to reduce blacks to a condition as close to slavery as possible. |
| Buffalo Bill | Creator of a wild west extravaganza that featured trick riders, sharpshooters, trained horses, and Native American dancers. |
| Buffalo Soldiers | African Americans who fought in the Indian Wars. |
| California Workingmen's Party | An organized anti-Chinese political group that denied Chinese immigrants the right to vote in California and whose efforts led to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. |
| Californios | The largest group (with the exception of Native Americans) living in California, made up Spaniards and Mexicans who were guaranteed their land at the end of the Mexican American War in 1848 |
| Chattel | An item of property; a thing rather than a person. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | Legislation that banned Chinese immigration and prevented the Chinese already here from becoming citizens. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | This piece of legislation was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. |
| Collective Bargaining | The process of negotiation between labor unions and employers. |
| Conspicuous Consumption | An ostentatious display of wealth meant to show society that you could afford to purchase expensive consumer goods. |
| Coolies | An anti-Chinese racist slur |
| Dago | An anti-Italian ethnic slur. |
| Dawes Act | Legislation that permitted the federal government to divide Indian land into individual family parcels and hold it in trust for 25 years after which the Native American owners would be granted title to the land and US citizenship. |
| Disposable Income | Earnings remaining after deduction of taxes and other mandatory charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes. |
| Doctrine of Success | The American notion that achievement comes from individual initiative, intelligence, and hard work. It is an ideology of extreme competition to achieve the "American Dream." |
| Ethnocide | When a dominant group forces a weaker group to abandon their own culture, language, and religion, and adopt the culture of the dominant group. |
| Feminist | An individual (male or female) who supports political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. |
| Freedman's Bureau | Federal agency created to provide former slaves with economic and legal resources. |
| Ghost Dance | A Native American religious movement which told of an Indian Messiah who would deliver the tribes from their hardships. |
| Gilded Age | An era in the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. It was an era of rapid economic growth and the expansion of industrialization, The period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants. |
| Gospel of Wealth | An 1889 essay by Andrew Carnegie in which he argued that the rich should act as stewards of the wealth they earned and use their surplus income for the benefit of the community. in the form of philanthropy, not charity. |
| Graft | The illegal use of one's official position for personal gain. |
| Gringos | The term the Spanish and Mexicans throughout the Americas used for white, non-Latinos. |
| Hobo | A homeless person who rides the railroad by hopping on and off trains. Some were looking for work, others just had no better options in life. |
| Income Inequality | The gap between the level of income of the poorest social class and the wealthiest social class in a society. |
| Industrial Arts Schools | Schools that aimed to developing manual skill and familiarity with tools and machines. |
| Iron Horse | A steam-powered locomotive train engine. |
| Labor Unions | Groups of workers seeking rights and benefits from their employers through collective effort. |
| Land Monopoly | Control over large tracts of land. |
| Litigation | Taking legal action. |
| Manifest Destiny | A phrase that came to mean that Americans were expected to spread across the land given to them by God and, most importantly, spread American values to the western frontier. |
| Monopoly | The exclusive control of a commodity or service. |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who went undercover to expose the terrible working conditions of industrial workers. |
| National Child Labor Committee | A private, non-profit organization in the United States whose mission was to promote "the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working." |
| Nativism | The belief that foreigners pose a serious danger to one's own society and culture. |
| New South | The modernization of the post-Civil War southern economy through free labor and industrialization. |
| Primary Sources | Firsthand, eye witness accounts of events recorded by individuals who lived at the time the events they documented happened. |
| Progressive Era | A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned the 1890s to the 1920s. The era focused on addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption |
| Radical Republicans | Those members of the Republican Party who (during and after the Civil War) were committed to emancipation of the slaves and later to the equal treatment and enfranchisement of the freed individuals. |
| Reconstruction | The period after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877, during which the United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans . |
| Sand Creek Massacre | A raid on an Indian camp in Colorado in which the leader had already negotiated a peaceful settlement. The camp was flying both the American flag and the white flag of surrender but militia troops murdered close to one hundred men, women and children. |
| Scientific Management | A method of workplace administration based on: (1) Science, Not Rule of Thumb (2) Harmony between Managers and Workers (3) Cooperation, Not Individualism (4) Development of Each and Every Person to His / Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity |
| Sharecroppers | Small farmers who rented land and tools from a landlord and paid him with up to 50% of the crops they grew. This left the farmers tied to someone else's land since they could rarely earn enough money to improve their situation. |
| Sheeny | An anti-Jewish (anti-semitic) slur |
| Slaughterhouse Cases | The Supreme Court's first decision on the 14th Amendment. Butchers said that a law prohibiting independent slaughterhouses violated the privileges of US citizenship. The Supreme Court ruled the 14th Amendment 's purpose was only to protect freedpersons. |
| Suffrage | The right to vote in government elections. |
| The Civil Rights Decisions | The five "Death Dealing Decisions" of the US Supreme Court that declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional and thus institutionalized racial segregation in the United States. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | This was built from both ends toward the center by Irish and Chinese immigrants. It opened the New West to everyday people, not just the pioneers of the Old West. |
| Undeserving Poor | The idea that anyone who is able bodied but unemployed does not deserve to be helped because they are just lazy and don't want to work. |
| Xenophobia | Fear and dislike of people from other countries often expressed by acts of prejudice. |
Created by:
Dr. K (SCSU)
Popular U.S. History sets