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AP US History
APUSH Period 3 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stamp Act Congress | a tax put on the colonies by the British in 1765. It said they had to pay a tax on all printed materials such as newspapers, magazines and legal documents. It was called the Stamp Act because the official stamp on it that showed they had paid the tax. |
| Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the Stamp Act. They incited riots & burned the houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of Stamp Act, many continued opposition to Britain. |
| Samuel Adams | a politician that was aware of the rights of the colonists. He organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston. These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda. |
| Committees of Correspondence | organized by Samuel Adams; a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England & the colonies. They provided the organization to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament - committees sent delegates to the 1st Continental Congress. |
| Intolerable Acts | passed in 1774, following the Boston Tea Party, which were considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular, yet effected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid. |
| Sugar Act (1764) | (1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. |
| Quartering Act (1765) | 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. |
| Stamp Act (1765) | a law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. |
| Townshend Acts (1767) | A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea. |
| Tea Act (1773) | In an effort to help the east India company out of bankruptcy, the British government allowed the company to sell directly to consumers along with lowering the selling price and eliminating import duties on the tea. |
| Social Contract | people give the government power and in return the government protects people's natural rights. People have the right to overthrow an abusive government. |
| John Locke | a British philosopher who believed that all individuals naturally posses certain rights regardless of status; developed Social Contract Theory. |
| Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. |
| First Continental Congress/ Second Continental Congress | The first is in 1774 and the second is in 1775. They both take place in Philadelphia. The Continental Congress brought the leaders of the thirteen colonies together. This was the beginning of our national union. |
| John Jay | 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington. |
| Second Continental Congress | Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort. |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. |
| Declaration of Independence | the ideological explanation for America's independence written by Thomas Jefferson. |
| Lexington and Concord | "The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts. |
| Battle of Saratoga | 1777 Revolutionary War battle considered to be a turning point because a Patriot win convinced the French to ally officially with the US |
| Battle of Yorktown | last battle of the Revolutionary War where the British surrendered to George Washington and the Continental Army. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | treaty that ended the Revolution. The United States won its independence from Great Britain and gained possession of land stretching to the Mississippi River. |
| Loyalists (Tories) | a person who wanted to remain loyal to Great Britain. |
| Patriots | a person who wanted the colonies to become independent from Great Britain. (aka Whigs) |
| Minutemen | was the nickname given to local militia men who fought against the British during the Revolutionary War. They were called minutemen because of their supposed ability to be ready for battle at a minute's notice. |
| Continentals | refers to paper currency issued by the Continental Congress in 1775 to fund the Revolutionary War. Continentals quickly lost value, partly because they were not backed by a physical asset like gold or silver, but also that too many bills were printed. |
| Valley Forge | location in Pennsylvania where the Continental Army spent a difficult winter in 1777-1778. |
| Daughters of Liberty | an org that supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics & produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | a law that designed a system for managing and settling lands in the Northwest Territory. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | a law that designed a system for managing and settling lands in the Northwest Territory. |
| Articles of Confederation | Created in 1777 this was the first national constitution, but it was ultimately ineffective because it lacked a central government and hindered government function because it could not tax, etc. |
| James Madison | a Federalist known as the "father of the Constitution" who later became the fourth US President |
| Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. |
| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution led by Alexander Hamilton & John Adams. They believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. |
| Anti-Federalists | opposed ratification of the Constitution because they believed that national government would be too powerful. |
| The Federalist Papers | essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison that laid out a series of arguments to persuade people to ratify the Constitution. |
| Federalism | A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other. |
| Separation of Powers | The Constitution requires each of the three branches of government executive, legislative, and judicial-to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. |
| Checks and Balances | The Constitution set forth a government composed of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch was given certain powers over the others to ensure that no one branch gained a dangerous amount of power. |
| Virginia Plan | The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population. |
| New Jersey Plan | Plan at Philadelphia Convention for equal representation in new Congress (1 state 1 vote). Also known as "small state plan." Opposite of the Virginia "big state" Plan. Becomes basis of representation in the Senate. |
| Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise | (aka the Great compromise of 1787) was an agreement between large & small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure & representation that each state would have under the US. |
| Senate | upper house of the US government. For equal representation of each state in the government, 2 senators are chosen to represent each state.Significance: created a balance and counterpart to the equal representation of states in the senate. |
| House of Representatives | a compromise that settled the debate between large and small states. It called for a bicameral legislature; each state will have equal representation in the Senate and representation based on population in the House of Representatives. |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | a compromise that allowed states to count three-fifths of their slaves when calculating their entire population. |
| National Bank | A. Hamilton asked Congress to charter the bank of the US. Wanted it to be jointly owned by private stockholders & the nat. government. Also said bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, handling govt funds, and issuing credit. |
| Supreme Court | the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. |
| Federalist Party | Political party in the United States of mostly Wealthy North-easterners that favored a strong centralized federal government, commerce-based economy, loose construction of constitution, national bank, GB sympathy. |
| Washington's Farewell Address | Washington warns against "permanent alliances" with other nations and avoiding political parties. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798). |
| XYZ Affair | Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between U.S. and France |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin & interchangeable parts. |
| French and Indian War (Seven Years War) | a war fought by French & English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley- English defeated French in1763. It established England as number one world power & began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. |
| Salutary Neglect | an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the war. It forbade colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud & it caused the first major revolt against the British. |
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