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AP US History
APUSH Period 2 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore | leader of Maryland; persuaded people to adopt Act of Toleration |
| Act of Toleration | 1649; Maryland; religious toleration for all Christians revoked after Protestants won mini Civil War |
| Roger Williams | dissenter banished from Boston in 1631; respected Puritan minister - in 1636 founded Providence (government tolerant of Quakers, Catholics, and Jews) |
| Providence | settlement established in 1631 by Roger Williams - unique because it recognized the rights of Natives and paid them for their land |
| Anne Hutchinson | dissenter that questioned Puritan authority - she believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony. She went on to establish the colony of Portsmouth of 1638 |
| Antinomianism | the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation |
| Rhode Island | established by Roger Williams and was religiously tolerant |
| Halfway Covenant | established in an effort to maintain the churches influence; offered by some members of the clergy - people could become partial members of church even if they had not experienced a conversion |
| Quakers | believed in equality, nonviolence, and resistance to military service - posed a radical challenge to authority |
| William Penn | young convert to the Quaker faith and established the colony of Pennsylvania |
| "Holy Experiment" | the colony of Pennsylvania was created to be a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people to enact liberal ideas in government |
| Charter of Liberties (1701) | a written constitution in Pennsylvania which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration |
| Religious Toleration | all of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, with varying degrees of freedom (RI/Penn. least strict - Mass. most strict) |
| Established Church | churches financed through the government (people taxed in order to support one Protestant denomination) however as religious diversity increased governments gradually reduced their church support |
| First Great Awakening | 1730/40s: characterized by religious feeling among masses of people religious impact: new emotional sermons/ministers + division in the church political impact: |
| Jonathan Edwards | Reverend in Mass. that expressed the Great Awakening ideas in his sermons, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" ~ argued that individuals who expressed deep penitence could be saved by God's grace, those who did not would suffer eternal damnation |
| George Whitefield | spread the Great Awakening - barnstorming where he delivered rousing sermons that stressed that God was all powerful taught that ordinary people with faith could understand the gospels without ministers |
| Cotton Mather | Mass. minister who wrote highly read religious works |
| Sectarian | first colonial colleges - that they promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group |
| Nonsectarian | did not promote a particular a religous sector |
| Indentured Servants | people who worked for a period of time (4-7 yrs) for a master in return for room and board and for their passage to America to be paid for |
| Headright System | Virginia offered 50 acres of land to immigrants who paid for their own passage and plantation owners who paid for an immigrants passage |
| Slavery | after Virginia House of Burgesses enacted laws that discriminated against blacks they and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage more important because of: 1) reduced migration 2) dependable workforce 3) cheap labor |
| Triangular Trade | merchant ships would follow a three part trade route 1) New England ships would travel to Africa with rum and trade it for slaves 2) ship set out for the Middle Passage 3) slaves were traded in the West Indies for sugar cane |
| Middle Passage | horrendous voyage for slaves in triangular trade that led to the West Indies |
| Rice plantations | South Carolina - required slavery |
| Tobacco Farms | North Carolina - smaller farmers |
| Subsistence Farming | farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced |
| Wampanoags | leader was Metacom |
| Metacom | leader of Wampanoags and brought together many New England tribes to stand against the English settlers (called King Philip) |
| King Philip's War | Led by King Philip tribes fought against the encroaching English settlers - they failed ending most American Indian resistance in New England |
| John Cabot | first explorer that put England in a position to colonize the land |
| Jamestown | established by joint-stock company called the Virginia Company chartered by King James (became royal colony after failure). Jamestown was the first permanent colony |
| John Smith | Leader of Jamestown that helped them survive through starvation, dysentery, and other issues |
| John Rolfe | helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco that became a popular export |
| Pocahontas | married John Rolfe |
| Puritans | moderate dissenters from the Church of England who wanted to purify the church - established the Massachusetts Bay Colony while seeking religious freedom (leader was John Winthrop) |
| Seperatists | Radical dissenters from the Church of England - wanted a completely separate church (same as Pilgrims) |
| Pilgrims | Separatists that first travelled to Holland then to America where they established the colony of Plymouth |
| Mayflower | Boat Pilgrims sailed on |
| Plymouth | Colony established by Pilgrims |
| John Winthrop | 1630; led about 1000 Puritans to Mass. and established Boston among other towns |
| Great Migration | a Civil War in England (1630) drove 15000 settlers to Mass. |
| Thomas Hooker | Reverend who led a group of Boston Puritans and established Hartford in 1636 |
| John Davenport | Created the colony of New Haven |
| Connecticut | Established in 1665 when New Haven and Hartford came together - granted a limited degree of self-government that included electing a governor |
| New Hampshire | last colony to be founded - a royal colony |
| The Carolinas | S. Carolina - economy based on trading furs that later grew into large rice growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans N. Carolina - small, self sufficient tobacco farms; earned a reputation for democratic views and independence from British control |
| New York | Ruled by Duke of York |
| New Jersey | settled by many Quakers - first split in two but confusing property lines led to them combining |
| Pennsylvania | originally settled by peace-loving Quakers |
| Delaware | separate colony however had the same governor as Pennsylvania until the American Revolution |
| Georgia | last colony and only one to receive direct financial support from the gov. of London. (where they sent debtors) - strict regulations that included bans of drinking rum and slavery - later became a royal colony |
| James Oglethorpe | Leader of Georgia |
| J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur | French-American writer |
| Colonial Families | 90% lived on farms - most had a higher standard of living than Europe Men - most worked/dominated politics (landowning) - English law gave men almost unlimited power Women - did all household work + medicine/educated |
| Germans | maintained culture and religions; followed the laws but showed little interest in English politics |
| Scotch-Irish | Had little respect for the English government because that is why they had immigrated in the first place |
| Huguenots | = French Protestants |
| Dutch | small percent of population with Huguenots and Swedes |
| Swedes | small percent of population with Huguenots and Dutch |
| Africans | did to immigrate by choice - 20% of population (largest non English population) most lived in life long bondage on southern plantations |
| Social Mobility | all people (besides African Americans) had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status by hard work |
| Mayflower Compact | created aboard the Mayflower, the Pilgrims signed this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority - first form of self rule and a rudimentary constitution |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | first representative assembly in America |
| Sir William Berkeley | the royal governor of Virginia who used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of large planters and failed to protect small farmers from Indian attacks |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Nathanial Bacon - resented the economic and political control of large planters; raised an army of volunteers and conducted raids against American Indians |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) | first written constitution that established a representative gov. |
| New England Confederation | 4 New England colonies joined together (CT, Mass., Plymouth, and New Haven) - established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose |
| Frame of Government (1683) | Pennsylvania - guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners |
| Corporate Colonies | operated by joint-stock companies |
| Royal Colonies | under direct authority and control of the king's government |
| Proprietary Colonies | under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king |
| Chesapeake Colonies | Virginia was subdivided by King Charles I into two colonies on either side of the Chesapeake Bay - control granted to (Lord Baltimore) |
| Joint-Stock Company | same as corporate colonies - owned by business |
| Virginia Company | joint stock company chartered by King James I - founded the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) |
| English Cultural Domination | James II combined NY, NJ, and the New England colonies into the Dominion in order to increase control |
| Benjamin West and John Copley | American artists who went to England to establish themselves as prominent artists (training and financial support) |
| Benjamin Franklin | Popular and successful American writer of the 18th century (Poor Richard's Almanac) - worked with electricity, developed the bifocals, and the Franklin stove |
| Poor Richard's Almanack | a best selling book written by Ben Franklin |
| Phillis Wheatley | African American poet who was praised for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse |
| John Bartram | American, self-taught, botanist |
| Professions: Religion, Medicine, Law | ministry: ministers were often the most well-educated in small towns, highly respected physicians: received little formal medical training - apprentices of experienced physicians lawyers: - became necessary with more complex problems developing |
| Hereditary Aristocracy | = nobility inheriting special privileges (social extremes of Europe)- not in colonies (narrower class system) |
| John Peter Zenger | NY editor and publisher charged with libel against the NY governor the jury ignored the English law that said injuring a governor's reputation was a crime even if true and acquitted Zenger (encouraged freedom of speech) |
| Andrew Hamilton | Zenger's lawyer who argued that his client had printed the truth about the governor |
| Enlightenment | "darkness" of past centuries could be corrected by the use of human reason in solving humanities problems - John Locke "natural laws/rights", sovereignty lies with the people |
| Colonial Governors | appointed by the king in royal colonies appointed by proprietor in proprietary colonies appointed by vote in RI and CT |
| Colonial Legislature | two houses 1) lower house/assembly elected by eligible voters voted for or against new taxes *** cause for revolution 2) upper house/council appointed by king or proprietor |
| Town Meetings | in which people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues (New England) |
| County Government | in the south government was carried out by law enforcing sheriffs or other officials in different counties |
| Limited Democracy | only white, landowning, males could vote however government leaned towards democracy and self-government |
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