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AP US History
APUSH Period 1 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Land Bridge | a piece of land that once connected Siberia and Alaska (land now submerged under the Bering Sea). |
| Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos | Native American groups that lived in the dry region of New Mexico and Arizona and created multifaceted societies. Many people lived in caves, under cliffs, and multistoried buildings. |
| Adena-Hopewell | a culture that combined hunting and farming that spread from the Ohio Valley into New York |
| Woodland Mound Builders | American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi. |
| Mayas | From A.D. 300 to 800 this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. |
| Aztecs | Starting about 1300 this civilization flourished in central Mexico. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, had a population of about 200,000. |
| Incas | This highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. |
| Corn (Maize) | a staple crop that provided a stable food supply. This was an important cultivated crop of the Mayas and the Incas. |
| Algonquian | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. |
| Siouan | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. |
| Longhouses | Multiple Native American families related through mother's lineage lived together in these homes that were up to 200 feet long. |
| Iroquois Confederation | Several tribes living near the Great Lakes and in New York - the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and later the Tuscaroras - formed this powerful political union. |
| Gunpowder | Europeans began to use gunpowder (invented by the Chinese). |
| Sailing Compass | One aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change; Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others (Chinese and Arab merchants). |
| Printing Press | This invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. |
| Isabella and Ferdinand | They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492 they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. |
| Christopher Columbus | He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. |
| Henry the Navigator | The monarch of Portugal. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Moved the line papal line a few degrees to the west; signed by Spain and Portugal |
| Roanoke Island | In 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed |
| Protestant Reformation | In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. |
| Nation-States | A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government. |
| Horses | Brought from the Columbian Exchange. Not until the 17th century the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. |
| Diseases | When Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. 90% of the natives died. |
| Smallpox, Measles | These diseases were brought by Europeans that the Native Americans had no immunity to. |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which control of capital (money and machinery) became more important than control of land. |
| Joint Stock Company | A new type of enterprise to help finance trade voyages more safely where a business owned a large number of investors. If a voyage failed, investors lost only what they invested. |
| Encomienda | King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. |
| Asiento | The tax to the King of Spain for the imported slaves that they brought from West Africa. |
| Slavery | As far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide labor. |
| Conquistadors | These Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. |
| Hernan Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. |
| Francisco Pizzaro | Conquered the Incas in Peru. |
| Slave Trade | Part of the Transatlantic slave trade that sent between 10 -15 million enslaved people from Africa. |
| Middle Passage | Part of the Transatlantic Trade where 10-15 percent of slaves died on the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. |
| New Laws of 1542 | Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, began the process of ending the encomienda systems. |
| Bartoleme de Las Casas | A Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. |
| Valladolid Debate | In 1550-1551 in Valladolid, Spain a formal debate concerning the American Indians. |
| Juan Gines de Sepulveda | Spaniard that argued that the American Indians were less than human. |
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