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ch 9 vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| city | a large settlement of people with an extensive built environment that functions as a center of politics, culture, and economics |
| first urban revolution | the transformation of societies from agriculture villages to permanently settled cities, which occurred independently in five separate hearths |
| mesopotamia | region in southwest Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE |
| nile river valley | region along the Nile River in North Africa where the first urban revolution occurred 3200 BCE |
| indus river valley | region in South Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE |
| huang he and wei valleys | region in China where the first urban revolution occurred around 1500 BCE |
| mesoamerica | region in central America where the first urban revolution occurred around 200 BCE.` |
| urban morphology | the layout of a city, including the sizes and shapes of buildings and the pathways of infrastructure |
| functional zonation | division of a city into different regions (e.g., residential or industrial) by use or purpose (e.g., housing or manufacturing) |
| site | physical attributes of the location of a human settlement - for example, at the head of navigation of a river or at a certain elevation |
| situation | the position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context |
| acropolis | the upper, fortified part of an ancient Greek city. Commonly a religious site |
| rank-size rule | observed statistical relationship that the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example, second largest city is half the population of largest city |
| primate city | the lead city in a country in terms of size and influence |
| central place theory | Walter Christaller’s theory that the size and locations of cities, towns, and villages are logically and regularly distributed |
| hinterland | an area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port |
| central business district (CBD) | the zone of a city where businesses cluster and around which a city and its infrastructure are typically built |
| central city | urban area that is not suburban. generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by suburbs |
| suburb | a built-up residential and shopping district connected to a central city by major transportation routes |
| suburbanization | transformation of farmland and small towns outside of an urban area into suburbs |
| concentric zone model (Burgess) | urban model that explains the distribution of social groups around a central business district (CBD) using 5 concentric zones with the newest built on the outskirts. Created by Ernest Burgess in 1925 based on Chicago, United States |
| sector model (Hoyt) | a structural model of the American city centered on a central business district with distinct areas of manufacturing and residences extending in wedge-shaped zones from the CBD (like pieces of pie) |
| multiple nuclei model (Harris and Ullman) | layout of American cities, including a central business district (CBD) and suburban business districts that each serve as nuclei around which businesses and residences cluster |
| edge cities | large urban areas on the outskirts of major cities, typically found on major roads. edge cities are characterized by extensive space for offices and retail, and few residential areas |
| galactic city model | modern city in which the old downtown plays the role of a recreational area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity |
| latÃn american city model (Griffin-Ford/New Ford) | model of Latin American cities showing central plazas and wide streets commonly designed by Spanish colonizers. designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Latin America |
| disamenity sector | residential zone where lowest income residents in the city live, especially in the Latin American city model. often built on unstable or undesirable land |
| african city model (DeBlij) | model of African cities showing how colonial cities were often built around African cities. the central city has three CBDs: traditional, informal, and colonial. Designed to help see the layers of history in cities in Africa |
| southeast asia city model (McGhee) | model of Southeast Asian cities showing a city with an old colonial port zone surrounded by a large commercial district and no formal CBD. Designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Southeast Asia |
| zoning laws | legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed |
| redlining | discriminatory real estate practice (now illegal) that prevents minorities from getting loans to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods |
| blockbusting | rapidly changing racial or class composition of a neighborhood that occurs when real estate agents persuade residents to sell homes because of fear that another race or class of people is moving into the neighborhood |
| white flight | movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to outlying suburbs in response to a growth in the number of residents who are a different race. common in U.S. cities in response to blockbusting |
| gentrification | renewal or rebuilding of a lower income neighborhood into a middle- to upper-class neighborhood, which results in driving up property values and rents and the dispossession of lower income residents |
| teardowns | homes bought in suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes, often referred to as McMansions |
| mcmansions | large homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs |
| urban sprawl | the expansion of low density urban areas around a city. New urbanism a modern approach to planning and developing cities and communities that values walkability, attracting diverse incomes, and access to public spaces |
| new urbanism | development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs |
| gated communities | residential neighborhoods where access is controlled in order to define exclusive space and deter movement of people and traffic through the neighborhood |
| urban geopolitics | how cities shape and are shaped by geopolitical processes at national, regional and global scales |
| megacity | a large city with more than 10 million people |
| hutment factories | manufacturing conducted in slums, typically relying on intensive hand labor and low-cost machines |
| informal economy | portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by government. goods and services are exchanged based on barter or cash systems, and earnings are not reported to government |
Created by:
pl229081
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