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Ch.12 World Studies

Political Turmoil in Europe

TermDefinition
First Estate 10,000 people; archibishops and bishops
Second Estate 350,000 people; nobles and aristocrats; controlled 20% of the land
Third Estate 98% of the population; middle class and peasants; paid most of the taxes
Estates-General only political body with the power to reform the tax system; reconvened by Louis XVI after not meeting for over 170 years!
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Rulers of France; King/Queen during the French Revolution; very popular at first but were eventually beheaded
National Assembly Members of the Third Estate formed this political group; they signed the Tennis Court Oath
Voltaire French writer who wrote many books; influenced both the American and French revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man document that ended many abuses of the French government; advocated innocent until proven guilty
Committee of Public Safety Committee that came to power during the French revolution; gained absolute authority in France; responsible for the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror period of mass execution of many radicals; attempt to maintain control of the government; many innocent people were killed
Directory five-man committee that governed France following the Committee of Public Safety
First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (France)
Code Napoleon Codification of many French laws
Battle of Waterloo took place in modern Belgium, Napoleon and his forces were defeated by Prussian and British forces on June 18, 1815
Nationalism intense devotion and loyalty to one's own people
Great Powers Major European Nations
Zollverein economic union between German states that enhanced trade; resulted in the beginning of political unification
Wilhelm I king of Prussia that appointed Count Otto von Bismarck as chancellor of Prussia in 1862
Otto von Bismark became the driving force behind political unification of the German states; used diplomacy, propaganda, and military to accomplish his goals
Risorgimento Italian for "resurgence"; contributed to the nationalism movement for unification
Giuseppe Mazzini Italian; formed a group called Young Italy in favor of Italian unification
Camillo di Cavour prime minister of the kingdom of Sardinia; successful in the unification of Italy
Guiseppe Garibaldi disciple of Mazzini; formed an army known as the "Red Shirts"; conquered the island of Sicily
Victor Emmanuel II King of Sardinia who eventually became the first king of united Italy
July 14, 1789 Bastille Day; France's Independence Day
Robespierre Led the Committee on Public Safety
Greece controlled by the Ottoman Empire; gained its independence with the support of Russia
Poland endured many foreign invasions and partition attempts; Russia controlled the Eastern part of this country
Belgium formed out of the southern part of the Netherlands; differences in religion and language; gained its independence with help from the Grand Alliance
Hungary under control of Austria; Austria maintained controlled with the help of Russia
Differences between French and American Revolutions France rejected the Reformation; America embraced Protestantism; France wanted freedom without responsibility
Similarities between French and American Revolutions influenced by Enlightenment ideas
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