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Chapter 30
Revolutions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Totalitarianism | a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state. |
| Command Economy | an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. |
| 5 Year Plans | method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states, including China. |
| Collective Farms | a jointly operated amalgamation of several small farms, especially one owned by the government. |
| Kulaks | a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed. |
| Secret Police | the Bolsheviks relied on a strong secret, or political, police to buttress their rule. The first secret police, called the Cheka, was established in December 1917. |
| Censorship | Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient." |
| Great Purge | The Great Purge or the Great Terror, also known as the Year of '37 and the Yezhovshchina, was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union that occurred from 1936 to 1938. |
| Indoctrination | the process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. |
| Propoganda | information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. |
| Religious Persecution | is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or their lack thereof. |
| Kuomintang | is a major political party in the Republic of China throughout its historical periods in both the Chinese mainland as well as Taiwan, which was reorganized and transitioned to the current form since 1919. |
| Sun Yixian [Yat-sen] | was a Chinese statesman, physician, and political philosopher, who served as the provisional first president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang. |
| 3 Principles | of Sun Yixian are nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. |
| May 4th Movement | was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on 4 May 1919. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in Taiwan until his death. |
| Mao Tse-tung [Zedong] | also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. |
| Long March | was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army |
| WWI Promises to India | the British promised to award self-rule to India at the end of the war. |
| Rowlatt Act | was a law passed in 1919 by British India. Under this law, the government got many powers, including the ability to arrest people and keep them in prisons without a trial. |
| Amritsar Massacre | took place on 13 April 1919, when Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200 other people. |
| Mohandas Ghandi | was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. |
| Nonviolence | the use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change. |
| Civil Disobedience | the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. |
| Salt Acts | Salt Act of 1882 prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt. Indian citizens were forced to buy salt from their British rulers, who, in addition to exercising a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also charged a heavy salt tax. |
| Salt March | was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. |
| Boycott | is an act of nonviolent, voluntary and intentional abstention from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. |
| Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. |
| Modernization of Turkey | were a series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes, designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi | was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941. |
| Czar Nicholas | was the last Emperor of All Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. |
| Bloody Sunday [October Revolution] | in Russia, it refers to the shooting of unarmed civilians by tsarist soldiers in St Petersburg in January 1905. This caused the deaths of many people and triggered the outbreak of the 1905 Revolution. |
| March Revolution | was one of two parts of revolutions in Russia in 1917 that ended Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. |
| Peace Land Bread | the slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; Peace appealed to the soldiers; Land appealed to the peasants; and Bread appealed to the workers. |
| Bolshevik Revolution [Reasons] | was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917 and concluding in 1923 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War. |
| Bolsheviks | were a radical, far-left, and revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin. |
| Similarities of Revolutions | the ruling governments or controllers of the regions / areas were corrupt and not ruling for the will of the people. |
| Alexander Kerensky | was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. |
| Leon Trotsky | was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Trotskyism. |
| Lenin | was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. |
| New Economic Policy | an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism, both subject to state control," while socialized state enterprises would operate on "a profit basis." |
| USSR | The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a federal socialist state in Northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. |
| Stalin | was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. |
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tderue
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