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PSYC Chapter 1.
Names and history of Important people in the studies of psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Refers to the scientific study of the mind and behavior. |
| Empirical Method | Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including, experimentation rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument of previous authorities. |
| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) | German Scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. Wundt used INTROSPECTION |
| Introspection | A process by which someone examines their own consciousness experience in attempts to break into its component parts. |
| Structuralism | Its focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. (Understanding the conscious experience through introspection). |
| William James (1842-1910) | Was the first American psychologist (also known as the father of psychology). As James saw it, psychology's purpose was to study the behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as FUNCTIONALISM. |
| Functionalism | Focused on on how mental activities helped an organism adopt to its environment. (Functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts). |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | One of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology's history. According to Freud, the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis. And was fascinated by patients suffering from "hysteria." |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Focusses on the role of a person's unconsciousness in affecting conscious behavior, as well as early childhood experiences affecting conscious behavior. |
| Psychoanalysis | Involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves. (This was not invented by Freud, but was certainly popularized by him, and is still used today). |
| Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler | Were three German psychologists who immigrated to the U.S. in the early 20th century (to escape Nazi Germany). These scholars are credited with introducing psychologists in the U.S. to various GESTALT principles. |
| Gestal t | Gestalt translates to "whole" Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole, is often what the individual responds to in perception. |
| Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) | Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a condition reflex, in which an an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus. The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food, |
| John B. Watson (1878-1958) | Was an influential American psychologist (during the 20th century), Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control (BEHAVIORISM) |
| B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) | Was an American Psychologist who like Watson, was a BEHAVIORIST. He developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment (known as the Skinner Box Chamber). |
| Behaviorism | Focusing on observing and controlling behavior. (Used by Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner). |
| Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) | An American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating needs. Maslow asserted that that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were meet , higher-level needs would begin to motivate behavior. |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | 1) Self Actualization: Inner fulfilment. 2) Esteem: Self-Worth, Accomplishments, Confidence. 3) Social: Family, friendship, Intimacy, Belonging. 4) Security: Safety, Employment. 5) Psychological: Food, Water, Shelter, Warmth. |
| Carl Rogers (1902-1987) | Was an American psychologist who used a therapeutic technique known as client centered therapy, which involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy sessions. |
| Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy | Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize effectiveness of his approach: Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. |
| Humanism | Perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate in attempt to break into its component parts. (Used by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers). |
| The Cognitive Revolution | By the 1950s , new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interests in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This perspective was known as the Cognitive Revolution. |
| Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology | Culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology, yet the effects of culture on psychology are understudied. |
| Women in Psychology: Margaret Floy Washburn | Was the first woman awarded the doctoral degree in psychology. She wrote The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology, and was the standard in the field for over 20 years. |
| Women in Psychology: Mary Whiton Calkins | Mary completed all requirements towards a PhD in psychology, but Harvard University refused to award her that degree because she was a woman. She was taught and mentored by William James (the father of psychology and believed in FUNCTIONALISM). |
| Women in Psychology: Mary Cover Jones | Conducted a study she considered to be a sequel to John B. Watson's study of Little Albert. Jones unconditioned fear in little Peter, who had been afraid of rabbits. |
| Women in Psychology Extended | Ethnic minority women contributing to psychology included Martha Bernal and Inez Beverly Prosser, who were the first Latina and African American to earn doctorates in psychology. There studies were related to education. |
| Contemporary Psychology | Is a diverse field that is influenced by all of historical perspectives. |
| American Psychological Association (APA) | The APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S. |
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