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CHAPTER 8
Term | Definition |
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STATE | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other state! |
TERRITORIALITY | Right of state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states! |
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states! |
SOVEREIGNTY | The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign! |
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states! |
COLONIALISM | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government! |
MERCANTILISM | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies! |
NATION | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal! |
IMAGINED COMMUNITY | A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection! |
NATION-STATE | A nation/people and a state/country who share the same borders! |
MULTI-STATE NATION | Nation/people that stretches across states/countries! |
MULTINATIONAL STATE | State/country with more than one nation/people! |
STATELESS NATION | A nation that does not have a state! |
FIRST WAVE OF COLONIALISM | From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa! |
SECOND WAVE OF COLONIALISM | From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution! |
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core! |
CAPITALISM | Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit! |
COMMODIFICATION | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded! |
CORE | Places in the world economy where core processes dominate! |
PERIPHERY | Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate! |
SEMI-PERIPHERY | Industrializing, mostly capitalist countries positioned between the periphery and core countries contributing to the manufacturing and exportation of a variety of goods! |
CENTRIPETAL FORCES | Attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation in nationalism, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology! |
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences! |
UNITARY STATES | A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state! |
FEDERAL STATES | A system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs! |
DEVOLUTION | Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state/country! |
DEMOCRACY | Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state! |
REAPPORTIONMENT | Redistribution of representatives based on population change. For example, seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are reapportioned across states after each census before each state redistricts! |
SPLITTING | A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district/dilution! |
MAJORITY MINORITY STATES | Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group! |
GERRYMANDERING | Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage! |
BOUNDARY | A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries! |
GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES | Political boundaries defined and delimited/ occasionally demarcated as a straight line or an arc! |
PHYSICAL POLITICAL BOUNDARIES | Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range! |
HEARTLAND THEORY | Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world! |
UNILATERALISM | World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance! |
DETERRITORIALIZATION | Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states/ countries! |
RETERRITORIALIZATION | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own adopting the popular culture to their local culture! |
SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS | An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization! |