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Chapter 7
AP Human Geo
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Religion | system of beliefs that order life in terms of ultimate priorities and direct behavior and practices in reference to achieving the ultimate priorities |
Secularism | indifference to or rejection of religion |
Monotheistic Religion | belief in one god |
Polytheistic Religion | belief in many gods |
Animistic Religions | traditional or indigenous religion where animals or objects are significant |
Universalizing religions | a religion believed by its followers to have universal application and to which followers actively seek converts |
Ethnic religions | a religion into which people are born and whose followers do not actively seek converts |
Hinduism | religion based on a range of beliefs, including karma and reincarnation; Hinduism began around 2000 BCE and does not have a single founder; hearth in Indus Valley (present-day Pakistan) |
Caste system | social structure of South Asian society dating to the Indus civilization (2500-1800 BCE) where people are born into their place in society |
Buddhism | religion based on the belief that humans can reach enlightenment by following the middle path; Buddhism splintered from Hinduism in the 6th century BCE; hearth in Lumbini and Sarnath (present day Nepal/India) |
Shintoism | religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism; Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestral worship |
Feng Shui | Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities; structures and objects are positioned to channel flow of sheng-chi ("life breath") in favorable ways |
Confucianism | political philosophy that values benevolence, loyalty, and diligence within the structure of the family and the government; developed from the writings of Confucius in 6th to 5th centuries BCE |
Judaism | religion based on the belief in one god who revealed himself to and entered a covenant with Abraham; Judaism dates to 2000 BCE; hearth in present-day Israel |
Diaspora | dispersal of people from their homeland to a new place, either voluntarily or by force |
Zionism | movement for the establishment of a national homeland for Jews in the land between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River |
Christianity | religion based on the belief that Jesus was born as the son of God, was crucified, and was resurrected to atone for people's sins; developed out of Judaism in 1st century CE; hearth in Bethlehem and Jerusalem (present-day Palestine/Israel) |
Roman Catholic Church | one of three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox and Protestant) |
Eastern Orthodox Church | one of three major branches of Christianity |
Protestant | one of three major branches of Christianity |
Islam | religion based on the belief in one God who revealed himself to the prophet Muhammad; Islam dates to the 7th century CE; hearth in Mecca and Medina in present-day Saudi Arabia |
Sunni | sect of Islam that believes Muhammad's successor did not need to be a blood relative of Muhammad |
Shi’ite | sect of Islam that believes Muhammad's successor needed to be a blood relative of Muhammad, found commonly in and around Iran |
Indigenous religions | belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or groups |
Sacred sites | a place infused with religious or spiritual meaning |
Hajj | Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad |
Interfaith boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths |
Intrafaith boundaries | boundaries between sects within a single major faith |
Religious fundamentalism | religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy |
Religious extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence |
Jihad | commonly translated as "Holy War," jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran |