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Chapter 25

The Industrial Revolution

TermDefinition
Industrial Revolution [Description and Causes] The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe. Causes included... the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the
Urbanization [Description and Challenges] Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Challenges included... Epidemics, unregulated workplaces and unsanitary living conditions.
Laissez-Faire Hands off policy towards the economy and businesses.
Union [Description, Purpose, & Strengths] Organized workers within an area of employment who use their memberships to negotiate better aspects of their employment. Strengths include... collective bargaining, better communication, and the potential to strike.
Industrialized / Industrialization Is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
Natural Resources [Description and Examples] Raw materials occurring in nature that can be used for economic production or consumption. Examples in Great Britain included... Iron, coal, and water [power of rivers / waterways for shipping].
Crop Rotation Is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and optimize nutrients in the soil.
Textile A textile is a flexible material made by creating an interlocking network of yarns or threads, which are produced by spinning raw fibres into long and twisted lengths.
Jethro Tull Seed Drill Machine that sowed the seeds in neat rows. Was pulled by animal power.
Utopia Is a possible community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.
Utilitarian / Utilitarianism Is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Also focuses on functionality rather than aesthetics.
Reform Movement [Description and Examples] Is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or political system closer to the community's ideal. Examples include shorter work days, child labor laws, and public education.
Communism A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Capitalism An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Socialism A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Factors of Production Are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship [willingness to start a business].
Transportation Roads, canals, and railways were three major components of transportation improved during the first industrial revolution.
Communist Manifesto [Authors and Message] Is an 1848 political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Message argues that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism.
Adam Smith Was a British economist, philosopher, and author born in Scotland, as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy.
Working Conditions Included cramped work areas with poor ventilation, trauma from machinery, toxic exposures to heavy metals, dust, and chemicals.
Enclosure “Enclosure” refers to the consolidation of land, usually for the stated purpose of making it more productive.
Textile Inventions Cotton mills [factories], the Spinning Jenny, and the Water Frame are examples.
John McAdam A Scottish civil engineer and road-builder. He was the inventor of "macadamisation", an effective and economical method of constructing roads.
Robert Fulton Made improvements to the steam boat.
James Watt A Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's steam engine with his Watt steam engine.
Created by: tderue
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