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A&P Endocrine
Terminology of the Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adrenal Cortex | The outer region of the adrenal glands. |
| Adrenal Medulla | The inner region of the adrenal glands. |
| Adrenals | (or suprarenals) are located superior to each kidney. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones |
| Aldosterone | Primary function is to maintain sodium levels in the blood by stimulating the kidneys to absorb sodium / excrete potassium. Because of this |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | A posterior pituitary hormone |
| Calcitonin (CT) | Produced by the thyroid |
| Cortisol | Produced by the adrenal cortex |
| Endocrine | hormones enter directly into the bloodstream. |
| Epinephrine | Or adrenaline and norepinephrine or noradrenaline find to receptors of sympathetic effectors |
| Estrogens | Hormones that are responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics. Estrogens |
| Exocrine | hormones travel via ducts that open to body cavities |
| Fat Cells | (Or adipocytes) produce the hormones leptin and resistin. |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | In women |
| Gastric Mucosae | Produce gastrin |
| Glucagon | Increases blood glucose levels by moving stored glucose from areas such as the liver into the blood. |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone growth |
| Heart | Produces and releases atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) when pressure-sensitive receptors in the right atrium become overstretched. It triggers urine production to decrease blood volume and reduce blood pressure. |
| Hormonal Regulation | Involves a hormone from one endocrine gland binding to receptor sites on another endocrine gland. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that regulate the physiologic activity of other cells |
| Hypothalamus | Located in the diencephalon of the brain. It regulates the autonomic nervous system and controls many behaviors. |
| Insulin | Decreases blood glucose levels by moving glucose out of the blood and into the cells. It is secreted by pancreatic beta cells. |
| Interstitial Cells of Leydig | Scattered between testicular tubules |
| Intestinal Mucosae | Produce gastrin |
| Kidneys | Two reddish brown lima bean-shaped organs located bilaterally at or about the spinal level of T11 to L3. |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | In women |
| Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Exact function in humans is unknown |
| Melatonin | Is a serotonin-derived hormone that controls biorhythm or circadian rhythm which is the body's 24-hour cycle.Causes a person to feel relaxed and drowsy. |
| Negative Feedback | A response to stimulus that moves something in the opposite or negative direction |
| Neural Regulation | neural impulses stimulate the release of hormones. ie the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal gland |
| Norepinephrine | Or adrenaline and norepinephrine or noradrenaline find to receptors of sympathetic effectors |
| Ovaries | Almond-shaped glands located in the abdominopelvic area of the female body and secrete progesterone and estrogens. |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates uterine contractions in pregnancy and milk expression from the breasts during lactation. |
| Pancreatic Islets | (Or Islets of Langerhans) specialized cells that provide endocrine functions. There are between 1 and 2 million pancreatic islets and they constitute approximately 2% - 3% of the total mass of the pancreas. |
| Parathyroid Hormones (PTH) | Increases blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) by stimulating osteoclastic activity |
| Parathyroids | Located on the posterolateral surface of the thyroid lobes - usually four to five in number. |
| Pineal Gland | A small pine-nut shaped structure located on the posterior aspect of the diencephalon. It secretes several hormones |
| Pituitary | Located in the diencephalon of the brain and extends from the hypothalamus by a stalklike structure called the infundibulum. It is the most protected gland in the body |
| Placenta | A flattened organ located in the pregnant uterus that serves as the temporary endocrine gland. |
| Posterior Lobe | The smaller lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Progesterone | The pregnancy-promoting hormone and maintains the uterine lining for implantation and gestation. |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Promotes milk production in the breasts - it is secreted in larger amounts during pregnancy and lactation. |
| Target Cells | Cells that possess receptor(s) for hormones or other signaling molecules. |
| Testes | Oval glands located within the male scrotum. |
| Testosterone | Stimulates sperm production and is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics. |
| Thymus | Located posterior to the sternum. It is large in infancy and reaches its maximum size at puberty. It then atrophies and is replaced by adipose tissue in adults. |
| Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Stimulates the thyroid to secrete its hormones |
| Thyroid | Located below the larynx and around the front and sides of the trachea. It is butterfly shaped and consists of two lateral lobes and is connected in the center by the isthmus. Occasionally a third lobe will arise from the isthmus. |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Regulates metabolism and affects the growth and development of many other body systems. |
| Triidothyronine (T3) | Regulates metabolism and affects the growth and development of many other body systems. |
| Tropic | Hormones that stimulate the activity of other endocrine glands. Most are secreted by the anterior pituitary. |
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