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A&P Terminology

Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology Termininology

TermDefinition
Anatomy study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another.
Physiology the study of how the body and its individual parts function in normal body processes
Comparative physiology the study of similarities and differences in vital body processes
Developmental physiology the study of embryonic development
Pathophysiology the study of the disease
Root the main part of a word, or its foundation
prefix placed before a root word to alter its meaning
suffix placed after a root word to alter its meaning
chemical chemical elements or biochemistry of the body
tissue groups of cells that have a similar structure and perform specific functions
organ composed of complex structures containing of two or more tissue types that perform specialized functions
organ system group of related organs with complementary functions
organism a living entity
Cell The smallest structural and functional unit that can exist as a self-sustaining entity.
histology the study of tissues
ground substance Also called matrix. the substance in which tissue, cells, and intercellular structures are embedded or suspended
Epithelial Tissue provides protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensation;; covers external and internal structures
Connective Tissue framework for organs/glands/body; provides transportation and defensive functions, as well as connecting and supporting other tissues
Muscle tissue This tissue produces movement, posture maintenance, and heat production
Nervous tissue located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This tissue interprets sensory information and coordinates bodily processes
Interstitial fluid found in extracellular spaces between tissues; bathes cells and provides a transport medium for nutrients, gases, and wastes
Membranes thin, soft, pliable sheets of tissue that cover and protect internal and external surfaces, line tubes, and anchor structures to each other. Membranes also secrete lubricating fluids
Cutaneous Membranes cover external body surfaces and include the skin
Mucous Membranes line open body cavities such as the digestive, repiratory, and urogenital tracts and secrete mucus
Serous Membranes line closed body cavities. These membranes consist of two layers—a parietal layer and a visceral layer
parietal layer covers the walls of body cavities
visceral layer covers the visceral organs located within the body cavity
Synovial Membranes ine cavities or spaces between bones and joints, mainly freely movable joints such as the shoulder, hip, and knee.
Homeostasis he tendency of the body's internal environment to remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change
Skeletal System includes bones and joints, as well as their associated structures, such as cartilage and ligaments
Muscular System skeletal muscles and associated structures, such as tendons, aponeurosis, and related fascial structures
Integumentary System includes the skin, hair, nails, and skin glands
Nervous System ncludes the brain; spinal cord; cranial and spinal nerves; sense organs, such as eyes and tongue; and neurotransmitters
Endocrine System includes the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreatic islets, ovaries, testes, and hormones
Reproductive System includes the gonads, gametes or sex cells, the duct systems, and male/female accessory organs and glands
Cardiovascular System includes the blood, blood vessels, and the heart
Lymphatic System includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures, tissues, and cells
Respiratory System includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs
Digestive System includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory structures, such as the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
Urinary System includes the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder
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