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Histology Pt.2 MT4
Histology Pt. 2 MT4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | Somatic Cell division - every cell other than reproductive divides this way. |
| Meiosis | Sex cell division (ovum & sperm) |
| Interphase | DNA is being replicated (long) in duration |
| What stages are involved in Interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| Mitotic Phase | Actual separation of cell is occuring (short in duration.) |
| Stages in Mitotic Phase (MPATC) | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| What is the end result of mitosis? | Creation of new cells- for growth and repair / replacement of pre-existing cells. |
| G1 | -Cell is metabolically active-Duplicating organelles and cytosol but not DNA-Getting ready for separation phase. |
| S | -DNA relpicates- Centrosomes replicate |
| G2 | -Cell growth continues- Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized. |
| Mitotic Phase 1. Prophase | - chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes; gets thicker-Nucleus & nuclear envelope begin to fade & disappear- everything around where the nucleus was located begins to "form" mitotic spindle |
| 2) Metaphase | - centrosomes align at the centre of the mitotic spindle, exactly in the middle; this midpoint region is called the "metaphase plate" |
| 3) Anaphase | - centromes split and move to opposite ends of the cell- "cleavage" begins to form; getting ready to start to form 2 cells |
| 4) Telophase | - mitotic spindle disappears- chromosomes uncoil- nuclear envelope begins to appear- nucleoli begins to appear |
| 5) Cytokinesis | cyto = cytoplasm, kinesis = movement cytoplasm divides |
| Protein Synthesis | -basic building blocks of protein = Amino acids- DNA = blueprint-cells are miniature protein factories- Proteins = polypeptide chains = amino acids |
| Gene | a segment of DNA which carries instructions for one polypeptic chain. |
| Bases | (DNA; 4 nucleotide bases of DNA)- Bases are arranged in groups of three |
| Protein synthesis involves what two key processes? | 1. transcription 2. translation |
| What does transcription involve? | Involves the transfer of DNA gene, base sequence to the complementary ( matching) base sequence of mRNA. (m= messenger) |
| Where does the process of transcription occur? | In the nucleus. |
| What does transcription do? | Takes the code off of the DNA molecule and builds a complementary code. |
| What does the mRNA then do after it has taken the code from the DNA? | Leaves the nucleus |
| What is the next step of protein synthesis after transciption? | Translation. |
| What occurs in translation regarding protein synthesis? | When the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the cytoplasm and finds a small ribosomal subunit and attaches itself to it. |
| In translation, the info that is carried by the mRNA is decoded and used to assemble what? | Polypeptides. |
| Where does the assembly of polypeptides occur? | Occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 3 varieties of RNA (m, r, t.) |
| What does the mRNA bind to? | Small ribosomal when it binds to it, subunits (mRNA) When it binds to it, the initiator code will be the 1st thing on the mRNA. |
| Where is the mRNA then fed through? | Fed thru the ribosome and each codon is read. |
| m , r and t stand for in RNA? | messenger, ribosomal, transfer. |
| What is an initiator code like? | Like a capitol that starts the sentence |
| What is a terminator code like? | Like the period at the end of the sentence. |
| Six main functions of membrane proteins: 1-3 | 1. Ion Channels - "Integral", allows specific ions to move thru H2O filled poles.2. Transporters - "CARRIERS"; move a polar substance from one side of a plasma membrane to another.3. Receptors - cellular recognition site. |
| Six main functions of membrane proteins: 4-6 | 4. Enzymes - catalyze reaction (speed up reactions)5. cell Identity markers - Identify & attack foreign bodies.6. Linkers - join adjacent cells. |
| what substances can pass through the lipid bilayer? | lipid bilayer is permeable to most nonpolar, uncharged molecules - O2 and CO2, slightly to H2O and urea ( cellular biproduct) |
| What substances cannot pass through the lipid bilayer? | Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules other than waste and urea. (such as glucose) |
| What increases the plasma membranes permeability to small and Med. sized polar and charged substances including ions, that cannot cross the lipid bilayer. | Channels and carriers. |
| What is a "Concentration gradient"? | A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. High --> Low |
| What factors contribute to a "membrane potential"? | A difference in electrical charges between two membranes, occuring across the plasma membrane. |
| What charge does the inside of the cell normally have? | negative. |
| Permeability of the membrane | limiting factor that keeps inside of cell negative. |
| What are the two main ions affecting the body? | Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) |
| What is ECF | Extra Cellular Fluid |
| What is Passive Transport? | A substance moves down its concentration gradient across the membrane using its own kinetic energy of motion. ( ie. sliding / skiing downhill) |
| What is active Transport? | Cellular energy is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration gradient. ( going back uphill) |
| Three main forms of Passive transport? | 1. Simple Diffusion2. Facillitated Diffusion3. Osmosis All are moving from High --> Low |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Through channels; help is needed because the ion may be too large to diffuse through the membrane on its own. |
| Osmosis | Pertaining to movement of water along naturally occuring concentration gradient. |
| What is a Solvent | a liquid |
| What is a solute? | All of the things is the liquid. |
| describe the concept of diffusion. | The random mixing of particles that occurs in a solution because of the particles kinetic energy the solutes and solvent both undergo diffusion. |
| What are the factors that influence the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes? 1-3 | 1. Steepness of the concentration: the > the difference the faster the rate of diffusion. 2. Temperature: the higher that temp. the higher the rate of diffusion ( heat is a catalyst)3. Mass of the infusing substance. |
| Diffusion rate influences: Cont'd | 4. Surface area - the larger the surface area available the higher the diffusion rate.5. Distance - the greater the distance the slower the rate of diffusion. |
| Define Osmosis: | Osmosis occurs only when a membrane is permeable to water but is not permeable to certain solutes. |
| What are the principles of Osmosis? | Hydrostatic Pressure, Osmotic Pressure |
| Explain Hydrostatic pressure: | The pressure exerted by a liquid during osmosis. |
| Explain Osmotic Pressure: | When the " whole system" is placed under pressure. |
| Define Tonicity: | A measurement of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. |
| What are 3 types of "ionic solutions" | 1. isotonic - no change2. Hypertonic - shrinks (solute)3. Hypotonic - swells (solute) |
| Iso means: | none |
| Hyper means: | Increased |
| Hypo means: | Decreased |
| Isotonic Solution | Any solution in which a cell remains it's normal shape and volume. The concentrations of solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane are the same on both sides of the membrane in this solution. |
| Hypotonic Solution | A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes that the cytosol. In this case, water molecules enter the cells faster than they leave. (Decrease concentration of solution results = hypotonic) |
| Hypertonic Solution | Has a higher concentration of solutes than does the cytosol inside. In this solution H2O molecules move out of the cells faster than they enter. |
| Explain a "gated channel" | A channel is said to be "gated" when part of the channel protein acts as a "plug" or "gate"; changing shape in a way that opens the pore and in another way that closes the pore. |
| Gated Channel | Like a swinging door. Will open a little to allow Na to enter the cell. Once it reaches a certain level, it will close to prevent more Na from entering the cell. |
| A gated channel is like | a "Doorway to the cell which controls how much of something enters or exits cell. |
| Solutes that facilitate diffusion: | glucose, fructose, galactose, some vitamins |
| What solutes utilize facilitated diffusion to move across the plasma membrane. | Insulin functions to take glucose out of the bloodstream and stores it in cells until it is needed. |
| What is "active transport" | Energy is required in the form of ATP in order for active transport to take place. Moves against concentration gradient(Lo--> Hi) or uphill. |
| What is ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) | The body's energy currency. Money to the ecomonomy is ATP to the body. |
| What solutes utilize active transport methods | Na+, K+, Cl-, monosaccharides, amino acids. |
| What is resting membrane protential? | The inside of the cell is negative in comparison to the outside of the cell. |
| What is a Na, K. pump? | Keeps the interior of the cell negative. Exists to help maintain normal concentration (neg. ) on the inside of the cell. |
| What is Secondary Active Transport? | While you are moving one substance, another will "piggy back" it and use the same energy to also move. (ie. hitchhiker) |
| What are symporters? | Symport means secondary: moving in the same direction. |
| Antiporters | Means one moves out at the same time another moves in. Moving in opposite directions, the energy is being put in for one to be moved, but both end up being moved. |
| What is Endocytosis (Endo= into; inside) | Molecules move into cell.Different forms exist. Pinocytosis - receptor mediated endocytosis |
| What is Exocytosis (Exo = exit) | Molecules exit the cell. |
| Forms of endocytosis: | Phaogocytosis. pinocytosis. receptor mediated endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | Cellular eating (eating a solid) |
| Pinocytosis | Cellualr drinking (drinking a liquid)(fluid) |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | imports materials that are needed by cells. |
| Exocytosis | Matter exits the cell |
| Transcytosis | Matter moves through the cell, typically in one side and out the other to another cell. |
Created by:
annette.rmt
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