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APUSH Period 6
| Homestead Strike | Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers |
| management revolution | An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function. |
| Vertical Integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution |
| Horizontal Integration | Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level |
| Deskilling of labor | employees were deskilled when performing small-scale tasks rather than completing an entire project |
| trust | A group of corporations run by a single board of directors |
| Monopoly | the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. |
| scientific management approach | (also known as Theory X), view that most employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative, and that the job should be made simple and foolproof |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. It was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period |
| Nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones |
| Greenback Labor Party (1878) | Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. |
| Granger Laws (1870s) | Populist farmers pooled resources to combat monopolistic railroad operators |
| Producerism | The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers." |
| Haymarket Square Riot | A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices |
| closed shop | A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | 1886 *Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety*First president was Samuel Gompers |
| Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. (Gospel of Wealth) |
| Gustavus Swift | In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history |
| Samuel Gompers/AFL | formed the American Federation of Labor, a labor union which is a craft union and a loose organization of skilled workers from some 100 local unions devoted to specific crafts of trades. |
| J.P. Morgan | An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901 |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |
| YMCA | Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities |
| Negro Leagues | All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II. |
| Comstock Act of 1873 | Barred the mailing of obscene publications and birth control |
| Atlanta Compromise | Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. |
| Maternalism | The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton they sought to expand suffrage to women |
| Feminism | A female movement for gender equality. |
| natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. (Darwin) |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. |
| Eugenics | study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities |
| Social Gospel | A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. |
| fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). |
| Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. |
| John Muir | (1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. |
| Ida B. Wells | African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores |
| Mark Twain | United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) |
| Chicago School | A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function. |
| mutual aid societies | voluntary associations that provide a variety of economic and social benefits to their members |
| Race Riots | Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North. |
| Tenement | A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety |
| Vaudeville | A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts |
| Ragtime Music | music popular from 1900-1920 that that preceded jazz, was influenced by African American songs and featured syncopated, or "ragged," rhythm |
| Yellow Journalism/Press | newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership |
| blues music | music developed in southern African-American communities at the end of the 19th century that fused work songs, spirituals, and chants and featured a twelve-bar blues chord progression |
| Muckrakers | 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business |
| political machine | a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage and favors |
| Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed | Tammany Hall was the most powerful urban political machine, located in New York. Boss Tweed controlled the New York State Democratic Party and Tammany Hall but he was not an elected official. |
| Hull House | Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. |
| Jane Addams | 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. |
| Progressivism | The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other less privileged people. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; over 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers |
| Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. |
| Margaret Sanger | American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. |
| Upton Sinclair, The Jungle | The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. |
| social settlement | A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. |
| "waving the bloody shirt" | An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats. |
| Gilded Age | 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor |
| Pendleton Act of 1883 | Bill that outlawed compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and established the Civil Service Commission. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
| Omaha Platform (1892) | Political agenda adopted by the Populist Party in 1892. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms. |
| Free Silver Movement | Free, unlimited coinage of free silver, which would cause inflation. Supported by farmers, Democrats, the Populist Party, Westerners and Southerners |
| Williams v. Mississippi (1898) | The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal. |
| Solid South | Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election. |
| Lochner v. New York (1905) | Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights. |
| Recall | procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
| Referendum | a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate |
| Muller v. Oregon | 1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health |
| Talented Tenth | According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
| IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) | A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905. Sometimes called Wobblies |
| Federal Reserve System | The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | 1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal. |
| William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War |
| Robert La Follette | 1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs. Highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages. |
| Temperance Movement | An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption |
| Prohibition | the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by 18th Amendment (repealed by 21st) |
| 19th Amendment (1920) | Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. |
| Florence Kelley | reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers |
| Alice Paul | Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. |
| International Ladies Garment Workers Union | an organization of people that make ladies' garments. Their members went on strike in the years just before to the Triangle Factory Fire. Shorter hours better pay.Women workers worked to gain shorter hours and better pay in the late 1800s and early 1900s. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Founded National American Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. |
| Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | (1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. |
| Mary Harris "Mother" Jones | organized coal miners, their wives, and their children to fight for better working conditions |
| Cross of Gold Speech (1896) | Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896, at the national convention of the Democratic Party. |
| Elkins Act (1903) | Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them |
| Hepburn Act (1906) | This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. |
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers. |
| William Howard Taft | Trust Busting 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. Became Supreme court justice |
| Keating-Owen Child Labor Act | Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children |
| Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies |
| Adamson Act of 1916 | Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. |
| Knights of Labor (1869) | Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers. The union reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership. |
| 16th Amendment | Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. |
| 17th Amendment | Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, |
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