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History Test 14-15
Every thing that is on the study guide for chapters 14-15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardinal Richelieu | Louis XIII's chief minister, strengthened powers of the king , brought France into Thirty Years' War |
| Louis XIV | First major absolutist king of France, built Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes |
| Fredrick William | "The Great Elector," first important Prussian ruler, unified many Prussian states, first absolutist king of Prussia |
| Ivan IV | Ivan "the terrible," first absolutist czar of Russia, murdered son, cruel tyrant |
| Romanovs | Ruling family of Russia after civil war |
| Peter I | First Romanov king of Russia, invited 700 foreign craftsmen to put Russia "back on track." |
| Catherine II | Catherine "the Great," encouraged education, expanded Russia |
| James I | First Stuart king of England, strictly Anglican, had large financial problems |
| Roundheads/Cavaliers | Roundheads - supported Parliament in English civil war Cavaliers - supporters of the English king |
| William Pitt | Englishman who devised a winning strategy in the Seven Years' War |
| Oliver Cromwell | Roundhead leader during English civil war, became dictator |
| William and Mary | New king and Queen of England after the "bloodless" Glorious Revolution |
| Maria Theresa | Her coming to the Austrian throne and weak leadership lead to the War of Austrian Succession. Father tried to protect before passing. |
| Copernicus | Developed heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | Discovered that orbits are elliptical, not circular |
| Galileo Galilei | Invented telescope and pendulum clocks |
| Isaac Newton | Laws of Gravity, "Principia," white light is made of different colors. |
| William Harvey | Father of Experimental Biology, realized that the heart is a pump |
| Edward Jenner | Made the first vaccine, a smallpox vaccine |
| Robert Boyle | Law of Inverse Gas Pressure, also known as Boyle's Law |
| Joseph Priestly | Discovered ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), hydrochloic acid, carbon dioxide and others |
| Antoine L. Lavoisier | Father of Modern Chemistry, discovered hydrogen |
| Sir Francis Bacon | "Novum Organum," supported inductive reasoning |
| Rene Descartes | Supported deductive reasoning, doubted everything learned by inductive reasoning |
| John Locke | Supported Empiricism, people are naturally good |
| Voltaire | Major critic of abuses in society, got banished from many places, hated organized religions |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Father of Romanticism, favored emotion and sentiment above reason |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," supported reason over Bible |
| N. von Zinzendorf | Founder of the Moravians |
| John Wesley | Major preacher, traveled the world preaching, had some 42000 sermons |
| George Whitefield | Founder of Methodists |
| Jonathan Edwards | "started" Great Awakening, famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," |
| Divine right | The idea that king's are given their power by God and should, therefore, be able to use their power however they see fit. |
| Thirty Years' War | The last great religious war fought in Europe. Protestants vs Roman Catholics. Also increased prestige and power of France |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War. Recognized 300+ independent German states |
| Czar | Comes from Caesar, title of ruler of Russia |
| Petition of Rights | English bill passed by Parliament that stated 1) King can't tax without Parliament permission 2) Parliament will not tolerate arbitrary imprisonment |
| Restoration | The reestablishment of the Stuart monarchy with Charles II, the son of the executed, overthrown king |
| Habeas Corpus Act | The government cannot arbitrarily hold someone in jail (re-passed) |
| Glorious Revolution | The "bloodless" revolution that took James II off the English throne and put William and Mary on it |
| Bill of Rights | Conditions that must be met for William and Mary to rule England. It limited royal power, established certain civil liberties, and forbade future kings and queens from being Roman Catholic. |
| Cabinet government | A form of government in which a leader (i.e. king) would often consult a group of trusted advisers (the "cabinet") to discuss matters of state |
| Treaty of Utrecht | Ended the War of Spanish Succession, stated that: Phillip (grandson of the King of France) could stay the Spanish king as long as Spain and France were not united, Spain had to surrender lands to Austria, Britain gained many French territories, |
| Seven Years' War | War started in new world due to key trade points (French and Indian war), at the same time Prussia attacked Austria, France and Austria vs Prussia and England |
| Treaty of Paris | Ended Seven Years' War, France loses all New World territory and most commercial holdings in India, Spain lost Florida but recieved Louisiana from France |
| Heliocentric theory | The idea that the planets revolve around the sun |
| Rationalism | the idea that reasoning is the only source of knowledge and truth |
| Inductive reasoning | The forming of logical conclusions based on a repeated pattern |
| Deductive reasoning | The forming of logical conclusions based on other logical conclusions and known facts |
| Deists | People who believe that people are basically good, reason was the standard of truth and who criticized supernatural and prophetic (prophet like) parts of the Bible |
| Pietism | Christians who did much good work, but favored experience over Bible teachings |
| Great Awakening | A period from 1740-1742 in America of spiritual revival |
| Baroque vs Classical music | Baroque - elaborate, elegant, very full, vigorous Classical - elegant, precise, clear, shows emotional restraint |
| What did the English Bill of Rights accomplish? | It 1) set William and Mary as the monarchs of England, 2) limited royal power, 3) established certain civil liberties and 4) forbade future kings and queens from being Roman Catholic |
| Explain pantheism | Pantheism is the belief that everything in the universe, whether spiritual or physical, is all part of one great substance called "god" |
| Five words to describe baroque art and architecture | Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual, emotional |
| Three ways the Great Awakening positively impact Britain | 1)Broke the apathetic attitudes among professing Christians and led to domestic reform and foreign missions 2)Improved moral conditions - Helped to restrain the type of social upheaval that soon engulfed France pg 331 |
| Three ways the Great Awakening positively impact Britain (continued) | Stimulated an interest in Christian education, led to the establishment of the first Sunday Schools, and encouraged the production of good Christian literature and music |
Created by:
dhogwarts
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