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Midterm Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Divine Right of Kings | kings derived their authority from God and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as a parliament. |
| Petition of Right | written by Parliament as an objection to an overreach of authority by King Charles I |
| English Civil War | a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government |
| Oliver Cromwell | a political and military leader in 17th century England who served as Lord Protector, or head of state, of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland for a five-year-period until his death in 1658 |
| Cavaliers | abuse for the wealthier Royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration |
| Roundheads | (Parliamentarians) the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War who fought against Charles I of England and his supporters, the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings |
| Restoration | The return of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the late seventeenth century. The Stuarts were placed back on the throne; the first of them after the Restoration was King Charles II |
| Constitutional Monarchy | a system of government in which a country is ruled by a king and queen whose power is limited by a constitution |
| Scientific Revolution | historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700 |
| Scientific Method | principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses |
| Geocentric Theory | a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth |
| Heliocentric Theory | the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. This was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center |
| Galileo Galilei | an Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) |
| Isaac Newton | English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and philosopher, noted particularly for his law of gravitation, his three laws of motion, his theory that light is composed of corpuscles, and his development of calculus independently of Leibnitz |
| Enlightenment | An intellectual movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries marked by a celebration of the powers of human reason, a keen interest in science, the promotion of religious toleration, and a desire to construct governments free of tyranny |
| John Locke | an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". He was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness |
| Thomas Hobbes | an English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | a French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) |
| Baron de Montesquieu | a French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights who believes that both men and women should be treated as equal beings and envisons a social order based on reason |
| Voltaire | real name François-Marie d'Arouet, he was a French writer (who went by a pen name) and public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called the Enlightenment |
| Enlightened Despotism | also called benevolent despotism, was a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs followed legal, social, and educational changes inspired by the Enlightenment |
| Popular Sovereignty | a pre-Civil War belief claiming the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not slavery would be permitted there |
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