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chapter 19
vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Geocentric Theory | scientific theory that has the earth as the center of the universe with the sun and the stars revolving around it |
Scientific Revolution | a transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditions |
Scientific Method | a method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge |
Rene Descartes | French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist; his belief that all things should be doubted until they could be proved by reason became one of the underpinnings of the scientific method |
Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe |
Heliocentric Theory | Scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around it |
Galileo Gaililei | Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope |
Isaac Newton | English Mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects |
Enlightenment | a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason |
Salons | gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the enlightenment |
Social Contract | an agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order |
John Locke | English philosopher and founder of British empiricism; he developed political and economic theories during the enlightenment; he wrote "Two Treaties on Government" |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Swiss-French political philosopher; he valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work 'On the Origin of Inequality" |
Baron de Montesquieu | French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government; he proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the United States constitution |
philosophies | philosopher of enlightenment |
Voltaire | french philosopher and author; he was a supporter of Deism, the idea that God was no longer involved in the universe after creating i |
Enlightened Despots | the absolute monarchs in 18 century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment |
Stamp Act | a law passed by the British Parliament that raised tax money by requiring colonist to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items |
Thomas Jefferson | American statesman; third President of the U.S.; he was a member of two continental congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the main author of the Declaration of Independence and one of its signers |
Benjamin Franklin | American statesman; he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence |
George Washington | 1st president of the U.S.; he commanded the continental army during the revolutionary war and served a a representative to the continental congress |
Treaty of Paris | The agreement that officially ended the American Revolution and established British recognition of the independence of the United States |
James Madison | American Statesman; he was a delegate to the constitutional convention and the fourth President of the U.S.; he's known as the father of the constitution |
Federal System | a system of government in which power is divided between a central, or a federal, government and individual states |