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SpecialSenses
Exam 6 - Lecture 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two layers of olfactory organs? | Olfactory Epithelium and Lamina Propria |
| Which of layer of the olfactory organs contains Olfactory Receptor Cells? | Olfactory Epithelium |
| Which layer of the olfactory organs contain Bipolar Neurons, Supporting Cells, and Basal Cells? | Olfactory Epithelium |
| Which layer of the olfactory organs contain blood vessels, nerves, and thick mucus? | Lamina Propria |
| Which layer of the olfactory organs contain Olfactory Glands (Bowman’s Glands)? | Lamina Propria |
| What does the thick mucus in the Lamina Propria do? | Traps odorants (chemicals) |
| Which bone do axons leaving the Olfactory Epithelium go through to reach Olfactory Bulbs? | Ethmoid Bone |
| Axons leaving Olfactory Bulb travel to the _____________ but pass through the _________ and __________, which is why there are emotions tied to smells | Travel to the Cerebral Cortex, but pass through the Limbic System and Hypothalamus |
| Odorants interact with ___________ on the cilia which then interact with G Proteins and open ______ channels which causes an action potential to send information to the CNS | Interact with Olfactory Receptors; G Proteins open Na+ channels |
| How many Olfactory Receptors are packed onto the cilia? | 10-20 million |
| Dogs have up to ____ times the receptor surface area | 72 times |
| As few as ___ odorant molecules can activate an Olfactory Receptor | 4 molecules |
| What odorant is added to natural gas and propane? | Beta-Mercaptan |
| Where does scent adaptation occur? | Centrally (NOT in the Olfactory Receptors) |
| Sense of smell decreases _________ than your sense of taste over time | More so |
| As you age, the _________ of Olfactory Receptors declines | Total Number |
| Three Smell Disorders | Hyposmia (partial loss of smell), Anosmia (complete loss of smell), Dysosmia (distorted identification of odors) |
| Causes of Smell Disorders | Age, genetics, trauma, allergic rhinitis, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, toxins, endocrine disturbances, medication (less than 1% of cases) |
| Are smell disorders are more common in men or women? | Men |
| Less than ___% of smell disorders are due to medications | 1% |
| Hyposmia | Partial loss of sense of smell |
| Hyposmia is caused by which Top 200 Drugs? | Promethazine, Methotrexate, Pravastatin, Gemfibrozil |
| Promethazine causes which Smell Disorder? | Hyposmia |
| Methotrexate causes which Smell Disorder? | Hyposmia |
| Pravastatin causes which Smell Disorder? | Hyposmia |
| Gemfibrozil causes which Smell Disorder? | Hyposmia |
| Anosmia | Complete loss of sense of smell |
| Why is Anosmia dangerous? | Can’t smell gas leak, fire, spoiled food |
| Anosmia is caused by which Top 200 Drugs? | Amoxicilin, Doxycycline, Lovastatin, Metronidazole, Nifedipine |
| Amoxicillin causes which Smell Disorders? | Anosmia and Dysosmia |
| Doxycycline causes which Smell Disorders? | Anosmia and Dysosmia |
| Lovastatic causes which Smell Disorder? | Anosmia |
| Metronidazole causes which Smell Disorder? | Anosmia |
| Nifedipine causes which Smell Disorder? | Anosmia |
| Dysosmia | Distorted smell identification of odors |
| Dysosmia is caused by which Top 200 Drugs? | Amoxicillin, Doxycycline |
| Types of Dysosmia: | Parosmia, Phantosmia, Agnosmia |
| Parosmia | Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant (odor is actually present, just smells unpleasant to the person even if it’s not) |
| Phantosmia | Smelling an odor that is not there, can be pleasant or unpleasant |
| Agnosmia | Can smell odor, but can’t identify it |
| Where are Taste Receptors located? | Superior surface of tongue and adjacent portions of Pharynx and Larynx |
| Taste Buds are formed from: | Taste Receptors and Epithelial Cells |
| What are the 3 types of Lingual Papillae? | Filiform Papillae, Fungiform Papillae, Circumvallate Papillae |
| Filiform Papillae | Do not contain taste buds; create friction and help move food around mouth |
| Fungiform Papillae | Contain about 5 taste buds each |
| Circumvallate Papillae | Form a V on posterior surface of tongue; contain about 100 taste buds each |
| All taste buds contain receptors for ______ taste sensations | All |
| Taste Receptors are made up of: | Basal Cells (stem cells), Transitional Cells, and Gustatory Cells (Taste Hairs and Taste Pore) |
| What cells make up Gustatory Cells? | Taste Hairs (microvilli) and Taste Pores |
| Which Cranial Nerves monitor Taste Buds? | VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus) |
| ___________ Receptors play a large role in taste perception | Olfactory |
| What are the four primary taste sensations? | Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter |
| What are the two additional taste sensations? | Umami (pleasant taste, amino acids – especially Gluatamate) and Water (receptors in Pharynx) |
| Where are receptors for the “taste” sensation of water located? | Pharynx |
| Which taste receptors use chemically-gated ion channels to cause action potentials? | Salt (dependent on Na+) and Sour (dependent on H+) |
| Which taste receptors use G Proteins to release neurotransmitters and cause action potentials? | Sweet, Bitter, and Umami (Umami can use ion channels too) |
| Which taste receptors can use both Chemically-gated Ion Channels and G Protein pathways to cause action potentials? | Umami |
| Which taste is a probably sixth taste? | Calcium (tastes bitter and a little sour) |
| Which foods have high calcium that you can taste? | Collard Greens, Kale, Bitter Melon |
| Why can’t we taste the Calcium in milk and dairy products? | Calcium binds to fats and proteins, which prevents the tasting of Calcium |
| Why is it important to know if we have a sixth taste for Calcium? | May be a link between low Calcium and obesity or osteoporosis |
| We are much more sensitive to ________ and _________ tastes than to _________ and _________ tastes | Bitter and Sour than to Salty and Sweet |
| Why is it physiologically relevant that we are more sensitive to Bitter and Sour tastes? | Many toxic or poisonous plants are bitter; We can also tell if food is spoiled |
| We begin with ________ Taste Buds, but the total number of Gustatory Receptors declines with age | 10,000 |
| Which two compounds determine if you can taste Bitter or not? | Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) |
| Which gene determines your ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)? | TAS2R38 (Dominant Trait) |
| The gene for the ability to taste Bitter (TAS2R38) is a __________ trait | Dominant |
| What does the gene for the ability to taste Bitter (TAS2R38) determine? | Your sensitivity to foods |
| ___% of people are Non-Tasters | 25% |
| ___% of people are Normal Tasters | 50% |
| ___% of people are Supertasters | 25% |
| Supertaster | Tastes are more intense, especially Bitter; Depends on sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) |
| Whether you are a Supertaster or not depends on your sensitivity to which compound? | 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) |
| Which foods are too bitter for Supertasters? | Green tea, Soy milk, Cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Broccoli, Fruits |
| Characteristics of a Supertaster | Altered BMI, Less likely to smoke, May affect more females than males, Higher risk of cancer? |
| Hearing | Detection of sound waves |
| Equilibrium involves: | Rotation, Gravity, Linear Acceleration |
| Components of the External Ear: | Auricle, External Acoustic Meatus (Canal), Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) |
| Function of the External Acoustic Meatus (Canal) | Contains Ceruminous Glands that secrete cerumen (earwax) which inhibits the growth of microorganisms |
| Cerumen | Earwax; Secreted by Ceruminous Glands in the External Acoustic Meatus (Canal) |
| Function of the Auracle | Funnels sound waves into the External Acoustic Meatus (Canal) |
| Functions of the Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) | Separates External Ear and Middle Ear; Vibrates in response to sound waves |
| All of the parts for hearing and equilibrium are located in the __________ Ear | Inner |
| Components of the Middle Ear | Auditory Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes) and Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) |
| What are the three Auditory Ossicles? | Malleus (“hammer”), Incus (“anvil”), Stapes (“stirrup”) |
| Function of Auditory Ossicles | Conducts vibration to Inner Ear |
| Function of Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) | Connects to the Pharynx which allows for equalization of pressures on either side of the Tympanic membrane |
| Where can microorganisms enter the Middle Ear and cause an infection? | Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) – Middle Ear infection is called Otitis Media |
| Why do toddlers get so many ear infections? | Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) is large enough for microorganisms to enter, but too small to allow for proper drainage |
| Components of the Inner Ear | Bony Labrinth (Semicircular Canals, Cochlea, Vestibule) and Membranous Labyrinth |
| Components of the Bony Labyrinth | Semicircular Canals, Cochlea, Vestibule (contains Utricle and Saccule) |
| Which parts of the Bony Labyrinth are responsible for equilibrium? | Semicircular Canals and Vestibule |
| Which parts of the Bony Labyrinth are responsible for hearing? | Cochlea (Cochlear Duct) |
| Membranous Labyrinth | Fluid-filled tubes in the Inner Ear that contain Endolymph and are surrounded by Perilymph |
| Endolymph | Fluid inside of the Membranous Labyrinth of the Inner Ear |
| Perilymph | Fluid surrounding the Membranous Labyrinth of the Inner Ear (between the Bony Labyrinth and Membranous Labyrinth) |
| What are the three Semicircular Ducts? | Anterior, Posterior, Lateral |
| What does each Semicircular Duct contain? | Ampulla (which is made up of a Cupula, Hair Cells, and has a sensory nerve attached to it) |
| Cupula | Gelatinous structure inside of Ampulla; Contains Hair Cells |
| Hair Cells have _________ and a __________ | Have Stereocilia and have a Kinocilium |
| The cilia on Hair Cells are moved by __________ which causes distortion of the _________ which can lead to depolarization and stimulation of a neuron | Moved by external forces; causes distortion of Stereocilia |
| Hair Cells allow for detection of __________ movements of the head | Rotational |
| When are Anterior Semicircular Ducts stimulated? | When you shake your head “yes” |
| When are Posterior Semicircular Ducts stimulated? | When you tilt your head side to side |
| When are Lateral Semicircular Ducts stimulated? | When you shake your head “no” |
| The Utricle and Saccule contain _________ that determine linear acceleration and sense of gravity | Maculae |
| Maculae | Located in the Utricle and Saccule; Hair Cells embedded in a gelatinous mass; Also contain Statoconia (Calcium carbonate crystals) that distort the Hair Cells when they are moved |
| Statoconia | Located in Maculae; Distort Hair Cells when they move |
| Motion Sickness is a conflict between ______________ and ______________ | Visual cues and Inner Ear |
| Vertigo | False perception of movement |
| Symptoms of Vertigo | Dizzy, spinning feeling, Nausea, Lightheadedness, Gait disturbances |
| Things that affect Inner Ear fluids and can result in Vertigo: | Alcohol, Viral infection, High fever |
| Two treatments for Motion Sickness: | 1. Histamine Receptor Agonists (Dimenhydrinate [Dramamine], Promethazine) 2. Acetylcholine Receptor (Muscarinic) Antagonists (Scopolamine patch) |
| Histamine Receptor Agonists used to treat Motion Sickness | Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and Promethazine |
| Acetylcholine Receptor (Muscarinic) Agonist used to treat Motion Sickness | Scopolamine (patch) |
| Components of the Cochlea | Vestibular Duct, Cochlear Duct, Organ of Corti (which contains Hair Cells) |
| What structure does the Organ of Corti sit on? | Basilar Membrane |
| If the Basilar Membrane bounces up and down, __________ are pushed against the Tectorial Membrane which causes an action potential | Hair Cells |
| Frequency | Based on number of waves (cycles) per second |
| High Frequency | High Pitch; Short Wavelength |
| Low Frequency | Low Pitch; Long Wavelength |
| Amplitude | Intensity of sound (measured in Decibels) |
| What is Amplitude measured in? | Decibels |
| Oval Window | Area where Stapes is connected to the Cochlea |
| Round Window | Area where the Tympanic Duct will bulge out when the Stapes is pushing against the Oval Window |
| Which two Ducts are filled with Perilymph? | Vestibular Duct and Tympanic Duct |
| Which Duct is filled with Endolymph? | Cochlear Duct |
| Frequency of sound is determined by: | Where the Basilar Membrane is distorted |
| Amplitude is determined by: | The number of Hair Cells stimulated by the sound |
| When the Stapes moves inward, the Basilar Membrane distorts toward the _________ and the Round Window is ____________ | Distorts toward the Round Window; the Round Window is pushed outward |
| When the Stapes moves outward, the Basilar Membrane distorts toward the _________ and the Round Window is ___________ | Distorts toward the Oval Window; the Round Window is pulled inward |
| The closer to the Oval Window the Basilar Membrane is distorted, the _______ the Frequency of sound heard | Higher |
| Two Types of Deafness | 1. Nerve Deafness (impairment of Cochlea or Auditory Nerve [Inner Ear] – permanent deafness) 2. Conduction Deafness (impairment of physical structures that conduct sounds into Inner Ear [Middle Ear] – sound waves can still be conducted into Cochlea) |
| Nerve Deafness is caused by: | Impairment of Cochlea or Auditory Nerve (Inner Ear) – Permanent deafness |
| Conduction Deafness is caused by: | Impairment of the physical structures of the ear that conduct sounds into the Inner Ear (Middle Ear) – Sound waves can still be conducted into Cochlea |
| Vestibulopathology | Problems with balance (Vertigo) |
| Cochleopathology | Problems with hearing (Tinnitus and Hearing Loss) |
| Tinnitus | Early symptom of problems with hearing; False perception of sound (ringing in the ears) |
| Treatments for Tinnitus | 1. Anesthetics (blocks Na+ channels, prevents depolarization) [Procaine, Lidocaine] 2. Benzodiazepines (potentiate GABA, augments hyperpolarization) [Lorazepam, Diazepam] |
| Hearing loss can be ________ or _________ | Temporary or Permanent |
| Which frequencies are usually lost first when you start to lose your hearing? | High Frequencies |
| Drug-induced Ototoxicity | May be due to high dose and/or long-term use; Directly or indirectly damage Hair Cells or nerves; Can cause Vertigo, Tinnitus, Deafness |
| What are the 4 major types of Ototoxic Drugs? | Antimicrobials, NSAIDs, Loop Diuretics, Platinum Oncology Agents |
| How do Antimicrobials induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damage Hair Cells (Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Neomycin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin) |
| How does Gentamicin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damages Hair Cells |
| How does Streptomycin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damages Hair Cells |
| How does Neomycin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damages Hair Cells |
| How does Erythromycin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damages Hair Cells |
| How does Vancomycin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly damages Hair Cells |
| How do NSAIDs induce Ototoxicity? | Indirectly inhibit the Cochlear Nerve, possibly via vasoconstriction (Salicylates [Aspirin]) |
| How does Aspirin (Salicylate) induce Ototoxicity? | Indirectly inhibits the Cochlear Nerve, possibly via vasoconstriction |
| How do Loop Diuretics induce Ototoxicity? | Directly inhibit K+ membrane transport in Hair Cells; Indirectly decrease Endocochlear Fluid, which increases concentration of ototoxic agents (Furosemide) |
| How does Furosemide induce Ototoxicity? | Directly inhibits K+ membrane transport in Hair Cells; Indirectly decreases Endocochlear Fluid, which increases concentration of ototoxic agents |
| How do Platinum Oncology Agents induce Ototoxicity? | Directly affect Nitrous Oxide production in Hair Cells, Reactive Oxygen Species formation (Cisplatin, Carboplatin) |
| How does Cisplatin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly affects Nitrous Oxide production in Hair Cells, Reactive Oxygen Species formation |
| How does Carboplatin induce Ototoxicity? | Directly affects Nitrous Oxide production in Hair Cells, Reactive Oxygen Species formation |
Created by:
Cyndi1087
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