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Genetics Unit 2
Genetics Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Condition in which a normally diploid cell or organism lacks one complete set of chromosomes. | Monoploidy |
| The short, single stranded DNA fragments that are synthesized on the laggin strand template during DNA replication and are subsequently covalently joined to make a continuous strand, the lagging strand. | Okazaki Fragments |
| An enzyme that catalyzes unwinding of the DNA double helix at a replication fork during DNA replication | DNA Helicase |
| A cross between an individual heterozygous at three loci with and individual homozygous for recessive alleles at the same three loci. | Three-Point Testcross |
| The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which causes Down Syndrome in humans | Trisomy-21 |
| Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material not caused by genetic recombination | Mutation |
| The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18, which causes Edward's Syndrome in humans. | Trisomy-18 |
| Condition in which a cell or organism has more than two sets of chromosomes | Polyploidy |
| The association of genes located on the same chromosome such that they tend to be inherited toether | Linkage |
| In DNA replication, the DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously from multiple RNA primers in the direction opposite to movement of the replication fork | Lagging strand |
| A chromosomal mutation in which a segment including the centromere and pares of both chromosome arms is inverted. | Pericentric Inversion |
| A chromosome, cell, or individual that has non-parental combinations of genetic markers as a result of genetic recombination | Recombinant |
| A type of Aneuploidy in which a normally diploid cell or organism possesses three copies of a particular chromosome instead of two copies. | Trisomy |
| The type of monomeric molecule found in RNA and DNA | Nucleotide |
| A representation of the relative distance separateing genes on a chromosome based on the frequencies of recombination between non allelic gene loci. | Genetic Map or Linkage Map |
| A chromosomal mutation in which a segment on one chromosome arem that does not include a centromere is inverted | Paracentric Inversion |
| Condition in which a cell or organism has two or more gentically distinct sets of chromosomes of the same species. | Autopolyploidy |
| A specific reion in DNA where the double helix unwinds and sythesis of new DNA begins | Origin of Replication |
| A process bye which parents with different alleles give rise to progeny with genotypes that differ from either parent. | Genetic Recombination |
| DNA strand on which is synthesized a complementary DNA strand during relication of a RNA strand during replication. | Template Strand |
| Alleles that prodcue detectable phenotypic differences useful in genetic analysis | Gene Markers |
| A chromosomal mutation resulting in the loss of a segment of a chromosome and the gene sequence it contains | Deletion |
| A chromosomal mutation that results in the doubling of a segment of a chromosome and the gene sequence it contains | Duplication |
| A homologous chromosome pair in meiosis I in which on chromatid has two centromeres as the result of crossing-over within a paracentric chromosome and the gene sequence it contains | Dicentric Chromosome |
| Chromatin that remains condensed throughout the cell cycle and is usually not transcribed | Heterochromatin |
| Any condition in which the number of chromosomes differs from and exact multiple of the normal haploid number in a cell or organism | Aneuploidy |
| Describing an allele of phenotype that is expressed only in the homozygous state | Recessive |
| The pentose (five carbon) sugar found in RNA | Ribose |
| The physical and functional unit that helps determine the traits passed on from parents to offspring; also called Mendelian factor | Gene |
| Describing an allele or phenotype that is expressed in either the homozygous or heterozygous state | Dominant |
| The specific A-T and G-C base pairs in double strand DNA | Complementary Base Pairs |
| The genetic makeup (allelic composition) of individuals in the parental generation of genetic crosses. | Parentals |
| A nitrogen-containing purine or pyrmidine that, along with the pentose sugar and a phosphate, is one of the three parts of a nucleotide | Nitrogenous Base |
| The variation from the wild-type condition in chromosome number or structure | Chromosomal Mutation |
| In eukaryotic cells, a linear structure composed of a single DNA molecule complexed with protein | Chromosome |
| A protein that binds to the unwound DNA strand at a replication bubble and prevents them from reannealing | Single-Strand DNA-Binding (SSB) Protein |
| A chromosomal mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is excised and then reintegrated in an orientation 180 degrees from the original orientation. | Inversion |
| Any gene or DNA region whose sequence carries amond individuals and is usedful in genetic analysis. | Genetic Marker |
| In DNA replication, the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously from a single RNA primer in the same diraction as movement of the replication fork | Leading Strand |
| The presence of an extra chromosome-13, which causes Patau Syndrome in humans | Trisomy-13 |
| In the case of double stranded DNA, referring to the opposite orientations of the strands, with the 5' end of one strand paired with the 3' end of the other strand. | Antiparallel |
| On of two or more alternative forms of a single gene that can exist at the same locus in the genome. | Allele |
| A type of nonreciprocal translocation in which the long arms of two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes become attached to a single centromere | Robersonian Translocation |
| Referring to an organism or cell that has one complete set of chromosomes or an exact multiple of complete sets. | Euploid |
| The pentose (five carbon) sugar found in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| Any ennzyme that catalyzes the supercoiling of DNA | Topoisomerase |
| One of the two types of cyclic nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Adenine and Guanine | Purines |
| A Y-Shaped structure formed when a double stranded DNA molecule unwinds to expose the two single stranded template stands for DNA replication. | Replication Fork |
| An Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5' end of one DNA chain and the 3' end of another DNA chain during DNA replication and DNA repair. | DNA Ligase |
| Repetitive DNA sequences that are clustered together in the genome, so that each sequence is repeated many times in a row within a particular chromosomal region | Tandemly repeated DNA |
| Any of the nucleotides that make up RNA, consisting of a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group | Ribonucleotide |
| A type of Aneuploidy in which on chromosome of a homologous pair is missing from a normally diploid cell or organism | Monosomy |
| The process for making a single-stranded RNA molecule complementary to onee strand (the template strand) of a double-stranded DNA molecule, thereby transferring information from DNA to RNA | Transcription |
| High molecular weight polynucleotide | Nucleic Acid |
| An enzyme that catalyzes formation of a short RNA primer in DNA replication | Primase |
| Chromatin that is condensed during mitosis, but becomes uncoiled during interphase when it can be transcribed. | Euchromatin |
| A short RNA chain, produced by DNA primase during DNA replication, to which DNA polymerase adds nucleotides thereby extending the new DNA strand | RNA Primer |
| The observable characteristics of an organism that are produced by the genotype and its interaction with the environment | Phenotype |
| The unit of distance on a genetic map | Centimorgan |
| A locally unwound (denatured) region of DNA bounded by replication forks at which DNA sythesis proceeds in opposite directions | Replication Bubble |
| The total amound of genetic material in a chromosome set; in eukaryotes this is the amount of genetic material in the haploid set of chromosomes of the organism | Genome |
| The DNA protein complex that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes and can exist in various degrees of folding or composition | Chromatin |
| A chromosomal mutation involving a change in the position of a chromosome segment (or segments) and the gene sequences it contains. | Translocation |
| Describing a diploid organism having different alleles of one or more genes and therefore producing gametes of different genotypdes | Heterozygous |
| A covalent bond in RNA and DNA between a sugar of one nucleotide and a phosphate group of an adjacent nucleotide. | Phosphodiester Bond |
| One of the two types of cyclic nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil | Pyrimidines |
| Any of the nucleotides that make up DNA | Deoxyribonucleotides |
| Genes that are located on the same chromosome and thend to be inherited together | Linked Genes |
| One of a class of basic proteins that are complexed with DNA in chromatin and play a major role in determining the structure of eukaryotic nuclear chromossomes. | Histones |
| The process that converts the nucleotide sequnce of an mRNA in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide | Translation |
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