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A&P Urinary
Anatomy & Physiology Terms of the Urinary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy of the Urinary System | Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra |
| Functions of the Urinary System | Eliminates wastes, regulates chemical composition of blood, blood pH, blood volume, fluid balance & blood pressure |
| Kidneys | The principle organ of the urinary sysetm that process and form urine. They are lima bean–shaped organs located bilaterally at the spinal level of T11 to L3 |
| Hilus | located at the medial side of the kidneys, This is where structures such as the renal arteries, veins, and ureters enter and exit |
| Renal Cortex | the outer region of the kidneys; contains the renal capsule, renal corpuscle, and portion of the renal tubule |
| Renal medulla | the inner region of the kidneys; The loop of Henle of the renal tubule are located here |
| Nephron | filtering units; specialized tube-shaped structures that filter, reabsorb, and excrete substances in form urine |
| Renal Corpuscle | Composed of the Bowman capsule and the glomerulus |
| Bowman capsule | (glomerular capsul) Tthe hollow cup-shaped section of the nephron that surround the glomerulus |
| glomerulus | cluster of blood capillaries connected by two arterioles; afferent arteriole carries blood INTO the glomerulus, efferent carries blood AWAY from it |
| Renal Tubules | hollow tube between the renal corpuscle and the collecting duct. This is where collected filtrate becomes urine; divieded into the proximal concoluted tubule, the loop of henle, and the distal convoluted tubule |
| proximal convoluted tubule | the region of the renal tubule nearest to the renal corpuscle |
| loop of Henle | consists of a descending limb, a hairpin turn, and an ascending limb; it extends deep into the renal medulla |
| distal convoluted tubule | region of the renal tubule farthest from the renal tubule |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | monitors blood pressure and concentration of the filtrate. It contains two important structures: juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa |
| Juxtaglomerular cells | act as mechanoreceptors and monitor blood pressure. When blood pressure drops in the afferent arteriole, these cells secrete an enzyme called renin |
| macula densa | tightly packed chemoreceptors; monitor concentration of the filtrate . When sodium levels in the filtrate are too high/low, these cells secrete a substance to help the kidneys adjust their filtration rates |
| renal pelvis | a larger reservoir where urine collects before it travels to the bladder |
| Urine Pathway | Bowman capsule → Renal tubule → Collecting duct → Calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter |
| Ureters | two slender, hollow tubes consisting of mostly smooth muscle that extend from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | an expandable sac that stores urine |
| Urethra | a narrow tube located below the bladder that transports urine or urine and semen out of the body |
| Urination | (Voiding/micturition) the release of urine from the urinary bladder |
| Urine | watery yellowish fluid that is discharged through the urethra; 96% water and 4% dissolved wastes |
| Nephrons: Blood Flow | Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Renal venule → Renal vein → Inferior vena cava |
| Filtration Process | Filtration → Reabsorption → secretion |
| Filtration | the first step in the process of filtering blood and manufacturing urine. Bblood enters the glomerulus under high pressure to separate large and small molecules |
| Tubular Reabsorption | filtered molecules are reabsorbed from the renal tubule into peritubular blood. |
| Tubular Secretion | certain molecules move from the peritubular blood into the renal tubule. This way, the kidneys have one more opportunity to adjust the chemical composition of filtrate before it is excreted as urine |
| Extracellular fluids | fluids located outside of body cells; plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, and transcellular fluids |
| Intracellular fluids | fluids located within body cells. These fluids facilitate chemical reactions that maintain cell function |
| Antidiuretic hormone | secreted by the posterior pituitary regulates the balance of water in the body by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb more water |
| aldosterone | secreted by the adrenal cortex stimulates the kidneys to retain more fluids; this action increases blood volume and raises blood pressure |
| atrial natriuretic hormone | This hormone increases urine production, which decreases blood volume and blood pressure |
| Dehydration | excess loss of water from the body |
| Turgor | skin resiliency, which decreases during dehydration; normal turgor returns to its original position quickly. Skin with decreased turgor returns to its original position slowly |
| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluids in the body |
| Pitting edema | leaves a depression or pit in the skin for several minutes after firm pressure is applied and released |
| Nonpitting edema | does not leave a dent after it is compressed and released |
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