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A&P Nervous System
Anatomy & Physiology Terms of the Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy of the Nervous System | Brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves, sense organs, neurotransmitters |
| Physiology of the Nervous System | Sensory input, interpretive functions, motor output, higher mental functioning and emotional responsiveness |
| central nervous system | the brain, the spinal cord, the covering of the brain and spinal cord called the meninges, and the cerebrospinal fluid; It governs our thoughts and our emotional experiences |
| peripheral nervous system | composed of nerves emerging from the CNS, such as the cranial and spinal nerves; can be subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
| somatic nervous system | transmits signals primarily to skeletal muscles but also includes joints and receptors of special senses, such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It is largely voluntary because most responses can be consciously controlled |
| autonomic nervous system | transmits signals primarily to visceral organs, such as the heart and lungs. This is an involuntary system |
| sympathetic division | fight or flight, controls energy expenditure |
| parasympathetic division | rest/digrest, controls energy conservation |
| Neuroglia | aka glia; is connective tissue that supports, nourishes, protects, and insulates nerve cells or neurons; more than 50% of the CNS is made up of these cells |
| Myelin | increases the conduction rate of the impulse and provides insulation to prevent impulse leakage to adjacent neurons |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps located between Schwann cells and their myelin sheaths; increase the speed of the impulse because it can literally jump from one node to another |
| ganglion | clusters of neural cell bodies |
| Neurons | impulse-conducting cells and represent the nervous system's simplest structural unit |
| Properties of a neuron | Irritability, conductibility, secretions |
| Parts of a Neuron | Cell body, dendrite, axon |
| Cell body | contains the nucleus and other organelles |
| Dendrites | branches that receive impulses and transmit them to the cell body |
| Axon | transmits the nerve impulse away from the cell body |
| Afferent | AKA sensory neurons/receptors; transmit sensory information toward the CNS. |
| Efferent | AKA motor neurons/effectors; transmit impulses from the CNS toward muscles or glands |
| Interneurons | located within the brain/spinal cord; communicate between sensory and motor neurons |
| reflex arc | the simplest functional unit of the nervous system; a neural pathway used to produce a reflex |
| reflex | a protective response that uses an arc to exert its action; involuntary and predictable |
| Nerve | a bundle of nerve figers located in the PNS |
| Epineurium | forms the outer layer around the entire nerve |
| Perineurium | surrounds each fascicle of a nerve |
| Endoneurium | surrounds individual neurons and their extensions |
| nerve impulse | an electrical signal that conveys information along a neuron |
| action potential | The brief series of events that changes the electrical charge of the cell membrane so the neuron can conduct a nerve impulse |
| Polarization | the term used to describe the neuron while it is at rest; the inside of the neuron has a negative charge and the outside has a positive charge |
| Depolarization | the term used to describe the neuron while it is reversing polarity in order to transmit an impulse down the axon |
| all-or-none response | Once the nerve impulse begins, it will be conducted at maximum capacity without fluctuations in membrane potential and without any decrease in magnitude |
| repolarization | the neuron quickly resumes its resting, or polarized state during this period |
| refractory | An unresponsive period between repolarization and depolarization |
| synapse | the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland |
| Synaptic bulbs | located on the ends of axons. These budlike structures contain synaptic vesicles filled with chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters | a class of chemical messengers involved in synaptic transmission |
| synaptic gap | AKA synaptic cleft; the space between the synaptic bulb and the plasma membrane on the next nerve cell |
| Synaptic transmission | the process of transmitting signals from one neuron to another; it is how neurons talk to each other and to muscles and glands |
| Reuptake | the absorption of released neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron |
| brain | the centralized control center of the body. It interprets sensory information and governs intellectual activity, consciousness, memories, and emotions |
| Cerebrum | the largest and most superior portion of the brain. The cerebrum is where sensations such as vision, smell, taste, and touch are consciously perceived, where voluntary movements are initiated, and where emotional and intellectual processes occur |
| sulci | grooves in the brain's surface |
| fissure | a deep sulcus; these separate the cerebrum into lobes |
| Gyri | elevated ridges on the brain's surface |
| Longitudinal fissure | deepest sulcus that separates the cerebrum into left/right hemispheres |
| Corpus callosum | bundles of transverse fibers that provides communication from one hemisphere to the other |
| Frontal lobe | regulates motor output, cognition, and speech production |
| parietal lobe | receives information about proprioception, reading, and taste. This area also governs sensory input primarily from the skin and muscles |
| temporal lobe | houses auditory and olfactory areas and the Wernicke area, which is critical to language comprehension |
| occipital lobe | centers for visual input. |
| Consciousness | the degree of mental alertness, awareness, and responsiveness. Levels of consciousness can be recorded as brain wave patterns |
| beta | associated with wakeful consciousness and mental activity; High-intensity beta waves are associated with extreme stress |
| Alpha | The subject is awake but calm. Alpha is also associated with creative processes and meditation |
| Theta | associated with drowsiness, dreamlike awareness, and the subconscious, and out-of-body experiences. This state of consciousness is used in hypnosis to access deep-rooted memories |
| Delta | patterns are seen in deep sleep from which the person is not easily aroused |
| Diencephalon | Located in the center of the brain, It houses two primary structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus |
| thalamus | the largest portion of the diencephalon and relays sensory information (except olfaction) to appropriate areas of the cerebrum. It also regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness |
| hypothalamus | regulates the ANS and controls behavioral patterns and the 24-hour cycle called the biorhythm or circadian rhythm |
| Cerebellum | structure located posterior and inferior to the cerebrum. The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain and is concerned with muscle tone, coordinates complex muscular movements, and regulates posture and balance |
| Brainstem | continuous with the spinal cord and has three main divisions: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| midbrain | conducts nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the pons and sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus |
| pons | connects the cerebellum and cerebrum with the spinal cord |
| medulla oblongata | transmits sensory and motor impulses between other parts of the brain and the spinal cord. The medulla, often considered the most vital part of the brain, contains the respiratory, cardiovascular, and vasomotor centers |
| Spinal Cord | cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers extending from the brainstem |
| Meninges | the connective tissue coverings that surround the brain and spinal cord; from superficial to deep they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | produced in the choroid plexus of the brain and supplies tissues of the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients |
| Peripheral Nervous System | composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves emerging from the brain and spinal cord |
| Cranial Nerves | The 12 pairs emerge from the inferior surface of the brain and are named by Roman numerals |
| CN I | Olfactory. Detects smell and is sensory |
| CN II | Optic. Detects visual information and is sensory |
| CN III | Oculomotor. Moves the eyeballs, the eyelids, and constricts pupils and is motor |
| CN IV | Trochlear. Moves the eyeballs and is motor |
| CN V | Trigeminal. Contains three branches. It detects sensations, such as nociception and temperature on the head and face and moves muscles of mastication and is both sensory and motor |
| CN VI | Abducens. Moves the eyeballs and is motor |
| CN VII | Facial. Controls facial expression, detects taste, and produces saliva and tears. Is both sensory and motor. |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear. Detects hearing and balance or equilibrium and is sensory. |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal. Detects taste, produces saliva, controls swallowing and is both sensory and motor. |
| CN X | Vagus. Regulates activity of thoracic and abdominal organs, such as gastrointestinal peristalsis, and heart rate and blood pressure as well as sweating. The vagus nerve is both sensory and motor. |
| CN XI | Accessory (Spinal Accessory). Controls the tongue for speech and swallowing, and innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles and is motor. |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal. Moves the tongue for speech and swallowing and is motor. |
| Spinal Nerves | The 31 pairs emerge from the sides of the spinal cord |
| plexus | a network of intersecting spinal nerves |
| Dermatomes | areas of skin supplied by a specific sensory spinal nerve root |
| Myotomes | are groups of skeletal muscles supplied by specific motor spinal nerve root |
| Touch | an amalgamation of many receptors found in skin. We perceive many sensations including pressure, movement, temperature, and nociception or pain perception |
| Taste | the sensation of flavors perceived by receptors located on the tongue |
| Olfaction | Smell; the ability to distinguish odors and is mediated by receptors located in the nose |
| Vision | the ability to see and use receptors located in the eye |
| Hearing | the ability to perceive sounds and uses receptors located in the ear; mechanoreceptors detect sound waves |
| Receptor | a nerve that is sensitive or “receptive” to sensory stimuli |
| Exteroceptors | located on or near the surface of the body, such as in skin and mucosa. These receptors detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, nociception, and temperature |
| Interoceptors | located internally and respond to stimuli such as stretching of major blood vessels and from gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Interoceptors are involved in sensations, such as hunger, thirst, and the urge to defecate and urinate |
| Proprioceptors | specialized interoceptors found in muscles, joints, fascia, and ears. These receptors detect body movements, body position in space, and muscle stretch |
| Chemoreceptors | detect chemical stimuli or changes in chemical concentrations of fluids |
| Photoreceptors | detect light stimuli |
| Thermoreceptors | detect changes in temperature |
| Osmoreceptors | detect changes in electrolyte concentrations and are located in the hypothalamus; triggers thirst |
| Nociceptors | detect noxious stimuli such as excessive heat and cold or tissue damage |
| Mechanoreceptors | detect mechanical stimuli |
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