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Ch.16
Term | Definition |
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Caravel | A sailing vessel that uses square and triangular sails to help it sail against the wind |
Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal and patron of exploration; he made no voyages himself but spent his life directing voyages of discovery along the African coast |
Vasco da Gama | Portuguese navigator, in 1497-1499, he became the first European to sail around African and reach India by sea |
Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer, sailing for Spain, who reached the Americans in 1492 while searching for a western sea route from Europe to Asia |
Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator; his ships were the first to circumnavigate the globe, though he died on the journey |
Circumnavigate | To proceed completely around |
Sir Francis Drake | English admiral; he rounded the tip of South America and explored the west coast. He ended up heading west to return to England, thus becoming the second man to circumnavigate the globe |
Henry Hudson | English navigator; he sailed for the dutch East India Company and discovered the Hudson river in present-day New York |
Encomienda | Spanish colonial system in which a colonist was given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land in exchange for teaching the Native Americans Christianity |
Hernan Cortes | English conquistador; from 1519 to 1521, he defeated the Aztec empire, conquering Mexico for Spain |
Conquistador | A Spanish solder and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain |
Moctezuma II | Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortes and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during the battle with the Spanish army |
Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador; conqueror of Peru; founder of Lima, Peru. to 1533, he conquered the Inca Empire |
Atahualpa | Last Inca king; he was taken prisoner by Pizarro and his army after refusing to accept Christianity and surrender his empire to Spanish conquistador. He was killed by the Spanish and his empire was taken over |
Viceroys | Officials who rules Spain's American empire |
Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish missionary and historian; he sought to protect Native Americans from Spanish mistreatment by replacing them as laborers with imported African slaves |
Treaty of Tordesillas | The agreement between Spain and Portugal that created and imaginary north-south line dividing their territory in the Americas |
Columbian Exchange | The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Americas and Europe , Asia, and Africa beginning with the voyages of Columbus |
Mercantilism | An economic system used from about the 1500's to the 1700's that held that a nation's power was directly related to it's wealth |
Balance of trade | The difference in value between what a nation imports and exports over a period of time |
Subsidies | Grants of money |
Capatalism | Economic system in which most businesses are privately owned |
Joint-stock companies | Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses |
Plantation | Large farms that usually specialized in the growing of one type of crop for a profit |
Triangular trade | Trading networks lasting from 1600's to the 1800's that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americans, and Africa |
Middle passage | The name for voyages that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies |
Olaudah Equiano | African American abolitionist; he was an enslaved African who was eventually freed, became a leader of Abolitionist movement, and wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano |
African Diaspoa | The dispersal of people of African decent throughout the Americans and Western Europe due to the slave trade |