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A&P Skeletal
Terminology of the Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Osteoclasts | Bone-destryoing cells |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells |
| Bone remodeling | the process of bone destruction by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts |
| Compact Bone | The hard outer shell of bone consisting of tightly-packed osteons |
| Haversian canal | central passageway in an osteon for blood vessels and nerves |
| Volkmann canals | horizontal passageway in an osteon that connects haversian canals |
| Spongy bone | Cancellous bone; lighter and less dense than compact bone made up of think latticework beams called trabeculae |
| Long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide; ie humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula |
| Short bones | Generally small cube-shaped bones that contain multiple articulating surfaces; ie carpals and tarsals |
| Flat bones | bones that possess a broad flat surface; ie sternum, scapula, pelvis, and skull |
| Irregular bones | odd-shaped bones that do not fit well in other bone shape categories, ie vertebrae and some found in the skull |
| Sesamoid bones | round bones usually small embedded in tendons; found in hands and feet, the largest in the body is the patella |
| Epiphyses | The two ends of a long bone |
| Diaphysis | The long cylindrical shaft of the bone |
| Periosteum | Dense, fibrous sheath surrounding the diaphysis. Contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts for growth and fracture healing |
| Interosseous membrane | located in between some pairs of long bones, this is a connective tissue that is an extension of the periosteum that provides muscle attacment siges and divides muscles into compartments |
| Medullary cavity | The hollow space within the diaphysis where red and yellow bone marrow are located |
| Metaphysis | The growth portion of the bone located where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis. |
| Epiphyseal plate | A think layer of cartilage in growing bone where new bone is formed |
| Epiphyseal line | Bone that is formed in the epipyseal plate when bone growth is complete |
| Ossification | The process of bone development by osteoblasts; categorized as intramembranous and endochondral |
| Axial | Portion of the skeleton consisting of bones located along the body's centra axis |
| Appendicular | Portion of the skeleton consisting of bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and bones of the upper and lower extremities |
| Bones of the cranium | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Bones of the face | Maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, mandible, lacrimal, nasal, inferior conch, vomer |
| Bones of the ear canal | malleus, incus, stapes |
| Bones of the spinal column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
| Bones of the rib cage | sternum, true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12), floating ribs (11-12) |
| Bones of the shoulder girdle | scapula and clavicle |
| Bones of the upper extremity | humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
| Bones of the pelvic girdle | Each bone is made up of three fused bones: ilum, ischium, pubic |
| Bones of the lower extremity | femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| Bony markings | Areas on the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where nerve and blood vessels pass |
| Angle | Projecting corner of a bone |
| Border | Linear ridge often the edge of a bone |
| Condyle | Knuckle-shaped rounded projection that often forms a joint |
| Crest | Prominent linear elevation on a bone |
| Epicondyle | Projection over a condyle |
| Facet | Small, shallow depression articulating with another bone |
| Foramen | Hole for blood vessels and nerves |
| Fossa | Large shallow depression |
| Groove | Linear depression that accommodates a structure |
| Head | Rounded end of a bone |
| Line | Narrow ridge less prominent than a crest |
| Meatus | Tubelike opening that forms a tunnel |
| Notch | Deep indention or narrow gap |
| Process | General term for a prominence or prolongation from a bone |
| Protuberance | Knoblike protrusion |
| Ridge | Elongated projection |
| Trochanter | Large rough process found only on the femur |
| Tubercle | Rounded projection usually blunt and irregular |
| Tuberosity | Large, rounded rough projection |
| Articulation | Where bones come together or join; commonly called a joint |
| Synarthroses | Fibrous joints are united by dense fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of collagen; extremely limited movement |
| Amphiarthroses | Cartilaginous joints that are united by cartilage; slightly moveable |
| Diathroses | Freely moveable joints common in the appendicular skeleton |
| Synovial joint | diarthrotic joints are freely movable, are not joined directly, and contain a fluid-filled cavity between articulating bones |
| Joint capsule | double-layered structure that encloses the joint like a sleeve |
| Synovial fluid | viscous lubricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing fluid that fills the synovial joint cavity. |
| Joint cavity | The inner region of the joint capsule |
| Bursa | Flattened, saclike structure located between ligaments or tendons and bones within joints |
| Synovial sheath | elongated bursae that surround long tendons located in the forearms, legs, wrists, ankles, hands, and feet |
| Menisci | fibrocartilage disks located in select joints such as knees (tibiofemoral joints) and jaw (temporomandibular joints) |
| Hinge | Joint that possess a spool-like convex surface that fits into a concave surface. Movements are flexion and extension |
| Pivot | Joint that possess a cylindrical surface of one bone that fits into a cavity or depression of another bone. Movement is limited to rotation |
| Saddle | Joint that possess a concave surface facing one direction and convex surface facing the other direction. Movements allowed are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, reposition, and circumduction, but not rotation |
| Ellipsodial | Joint that contains an oval-shaped surface that fits into a concave surface allowing the bone to travel back-and-forth (flexion and extension) and side-to-side (abduction and adduction) |
| Ball and socket | Joint where the head of one bone fits into the rounded socket of another bone. Offer the greatest range of motion and permits all movement in all planes including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation |
| Gliding | Joints that contain flattened planes or slightly curved articular surfaces. Provide only a slight back and forth or gliding movement |
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