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NGS1 Sem. 1
A review of concepts and vocabulary for Semester 1 of NGS1.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A small box with a slit in it. By looking into it you can see the spectrum of a light source that is separated by diffraction. | spectroscope |
| The frequencies of light emitted by a light source. These can indicate the type of elements in the source. | spectrum |
| Light with a range of different frequencies. These span from radio waves to gamma rays. | the electromagnetic spectrum |
| The height of a wave from the middle line to the crest OR from the middle line to the trough. | amplitude |
| The distance from one crest to the next crest OR from one trough to the next trough. | wavelength |
| The number of waves that pass per second. | frequency |
| The wave phenomena which has a wave bounce off a surface. | reflection |
| The wave phenomena whereby waves change speed as they pass from one medium to a different medium. This changes the angle of the waves slightly. | refraction |
| The wave phenomena whereby waves spread out and form interference patterns when they pass through a slit. | diffraction |
| Different frequencies of light interact with matter differently. This causes some light to move in different directions. | scattering of light |
| When a wave source is moving toward an observer, the wave appears to have a higher frequency. | The Doppler effect |
| When a wave source is moving away from an observer, the wave appears to have a lower frequency. | The Doppler effect |
| A graph showing different stars. The vertical axis is the luminosity (brightness) of the star. The horizontal axis is the temperature of the star. | H-R diagram |
| About 13.8 billion years ago the universe started expanding and cooling which led to some energy converting into matter. | the big bang |
| The spectrum of galaxies moving away from us is shifted towards lower frequencies due to the Doppler effect. | red shift |
| Electromagnetic radiation emanating from all directions in the universe which originated from right after the big bang. | cosmic microwave background radiation |
| A star that is fusing hydrogen into helium. Our sun is an example. | main sequence star |
| A vast cloud of gases, dust, and ice in space. | nebula |
| The remains of a high mass star that has underwent a supernova. The gravitation pull is so great that even light cannot escape it. | black hole |
| The remains of a high mass star that has underwent a supernova. The gravitation pull is so great that protons and electrons all combine into neutrons. | neutron star |
| An explosion that occurs at the end of a high mass star's life cycle. The explosion ejects most of the star's mass and has a dramatic increase in emitted light. | supernova |
| The energy source of stars. Energy is released as atomic nuclei merge together to form heavier elements. | nuclear fusion |
| A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler substance. The type of atom that is found on the periodic table. | element |
| The smallest piece of matter that still retains the properties of its element. | atom |
| The number of protons that an element has. This is usually found at the top of an element's box on the periodic table. | atomic number |
| The weighted average of the number of protons and neutrons of an element. This is usually found at the bottom of an element's box on the periodic table. | average atomic mass |
| The elements on the upper right side of the periodic table - plus hydrogen. | nonmetals |
| The elements on the left side and middle of the periodic table. | metals |
| The elements on the stair step on the right side of the periodic table. | metalloids (aka semi-metals) |
| A particle that is inside an atom and is part of it. These include protons, neutrons, and electrons. | subatomic particle |
| A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. | proton |
| A particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge. | neutron |
| A negatively charged particle that moves very quickly around the nucleus of an atom in clouds or orbitals. | electron |
| How strongly an atom holds onto its electrons. It increases as you move up and to the right on the periodic table. | electronegativity |
| The outermost electrons of an atom. The number at the top of the column (ex. Carbon 4A = 4 v.e.) These electrons can be shared or exchanged. | valence electrons |
| A push or a pull. | force |
| How fast something gets faster or how fast it slows down or how fast something changes direction. Also the change in velocity divided by time. Δv / Δt | acceleration |
| The amount of stuff is there in something. It can be measured using a triple beam balance. | mass |
| The sum of multiple forces. Forces in opposite directions will at least partially cancel each other out. | net force |
| A measure of how difficult it is to speed something up or get it to stop. | inertia (or Newton's 1st Law) |
| The acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by its mass. a = Fnet / m | Newton's 2nd Law |
| For every action force there is an equal but opposite reaction force. | Newton's 3rd Law |
| The force of gravity is directly proportional to each of the masses involved and indirectly proportional to the distance squared between them. | Newton's law of Universal gravity |
| The process of growth by gathering material. | accretion |
| A very small object formed from a nebula. The objects has just begun accretion using its weak gravitational pull. | planetesimal |
| A small object formed from a nebula. The object has not yet reached its full (planet) size through accretion. | protoplanet |
| The shape of stable orbits according to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. | ellipse |
| The amount of time it takes for a planet to orbit around its star. | orbital period |
| The furthest point in a planet's orbit from its star. | aphelion |
| The closest point in a planet's orbit from its star. | perihelion |
| The orbital paths of planets have the shape of an ellipse with their star at one of the foci. | Kepler's 1st law |
| For a planet that is orbiting its star, the planet will sweep out equal areas per unit of time whether it is near or far from the star. | Kepler's 2nd law |
| The use of the order of rock layers to determine how old a fossil or rock is. Lower layers are older. Higher layers are younger. | relative dating |
| The use of carbon-14 dating to determine when living things died. Also the use of uranium-238 dating to determine when igneous rocks formed. | radioactive dating |
| The type of bacteria that uses oxygen and need it to survive. | aerobic bacteria |
| The type of bacteria that does not use oxygen and does not need it to survive. | anaerobic bacteria |
| The process whereby a plant (or certain bacteria) will take in water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight and produce glucose (a sugar) and oxygen gas. | photosynthesis |
| About 2.45 billion years ago, early photosynthetic bacteria on Earth produced enough oxygen that it poisons some organisms while other organisms adapted and thrived. | Great Oxygenation Event |
| When two separate organisms exchange genetic material to produce offspring with some genetic variation. | sexual reproduction |
| When an organism produces its offspring by itself with no genetic variation. | asexual reproduction |
| Organisms which have many cells that are specialized and work together to assist the organism as a whole. | multi-cellular life |
| When an organism allows another organism to live inside itself because they both benefit. This happened both with mitochondria and chloroplast. | endosymbiosis |
| A substance with a definite formula (ex. H₂O) made up of more than type of element. | compound |
| A compound in which atoms have lost or gained valence electrons to form positive or negative ions. | ionic compound |
| A compound in which atoms share valence electrons in a kind of constant tug of war. | covalent compound |
| The substances that we start with in a chemical reaction (aka the ingredients). | reactants |
| The substances that are produced by a chemical reaction. | products |
| For a chemical reaction the reactants should have the same mass as the products. The mass should not change. | conservation of mass |
| For a chemical reaction the reactants should be made up of the same type and number of atoms as the products. | conservation of atoms |
| What you are going to do to get ready for the final exam. | study |
Created by:
john.boren
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