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Learning 1
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| Associate Learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences. |
| Classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
| Unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. |
| acquisition | initial learning, of the stimulus-response relationship |
| higher-order conditioning | a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
| law of effect | Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber(skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. Attached devices record rate of animals pressing the key. |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. (not punishment) |
| primary reinforcers | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcers | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcers | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; result in slower acquisition of a response but much grater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| variable ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| fixed interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| punishment | the event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
| observational learning | learning by observing others. |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. |
| pro-social behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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kicclt1106
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