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APWH/STEARNS EUROPE

CHAPTER 10 A NEW CIVILIZATION EMERGES IN WESTERN EUROPE

QuestionAnswer
Middle Ages The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century.
Gothic An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.
Vikings Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark and Norway that disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries.
manorialism System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
serfs Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.
moldboard Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
three-field system System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow.
Clovis Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom.
Carolingians Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
Charlemagne Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800.
Charles Martel Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours, 732.
Holy Roman Emperors Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
feudalism The social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in retu
vassals Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty.
Capetians French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
William the Conqueror Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
Magna Carta Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.
parliaments Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
Hundred Years' War Fought between the English and French, 1337-1453.
Pope Urban II Called the first Crusade, 10095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control.
St. Clare of Assisi 13th century founder of a women's monastic order; representeda new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church.
Gregory VII 11th century pope who attempted to free the Church from interference of feudal lords; quarrleed with the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, over practices of lay investure of bishops.
Peter Abelard Author of YES and NO; applied logic to problems of theology
Thomas Aquinas Believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law and the nature of God.
scholasticism Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.
Hanseatic League An organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
guilds Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
Black Death Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure.
Created by: mcdougcf
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