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Diseases
Dairy Cattle Diseases From learning about dairy and Feeding the dairy Herd
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This disease is the most common cause of death in calves less than 3 weeks old. | Scours |
| What are the symptoms of scours? | Fever with watery feces, may be cold to the touch, sunken eyes, skin slowly return to normal after being pinched up |
| What are the major contributing factors of scours? | Low passive immunity(lack of colostrum), housing calves in wet. dirty environment, poor ventilation, high humidity, overcrowding, rapid change in feeding |
| What can you do to prevent scours in calves? | Feeding colostrum at birth, sanitized feeding equipment, keep calves clean, dry, comfortable, vaccinate dams in the 3rd trimester with specific agent to build colostral antibodies |
| How do you treat for scours? | Providing plenty of fluids to the calf, continue to feed milk or milk replacer plus feeding an electrolyte solution in between milk feedings |
| If a calf is 5-6% dehydrated what symptoms would it show? | Diarrhea, No clinical signs, strong sucking reflex |
| If a calf is 6-8% dehydrated, what symptoms would it show? | Milk depression, skin tenting for 2-6 seconds, calf is still sucking, sunken eyes, weak |
| If a calf is 8-10% dehydrated, what symptoms would it show? | Calf is depressed, laying down, eyes very sunken, dry gums, skin tenting >6 seconds |
| If a calf is 10-14% dehydrated, what symptoms would it show? | Calf will not stand, cool extremities, skin won't flatten when tented, comatose |
| What will happen if a calf is over 14% dehydrated? | Death |
| This disease is the 2nd leading cause of death in calves and is a major health concern from one to six months of age. | Pneumonia |
| What are the symptoms of pneumonia? | Rapid and difficulty breathing, cough, runny nose and eyes, with fever of 103-106F |
| List the major contributing factors of pneumonia. | Housing calves in an area of high humidity with poor ventilation, and wet, dirty pens, Fluctuation in temperature, poor nutrition, overcrowding |
| How can you prevent pneumonia? | Adequate colostrum and dry, clean, and comfortable housing with good ventilation |
| True or False: To prevent pneumonia you should keep younger calves down wind from older calves. | False |
| How can you prevent pneumonia? | If possible isolate sick calves and provide antibiotic therapy for 3-5 days |
| This disease adult cows have large volume of watery diarrhea and feces that may contain blood and affected with a rapid drop in milk production. | Winter Scours |
| When is winter scours frequent in confined cattle? | November to March |
| What can you do to prevent winter scours? | Isolate newly introduced animals |
| How many days does it take most animals to recover from winter scours? | 2-3 days |
| If a cow has a severe case of winter scours how can you treat it? | With intestinal boluses (astringents and buffers) and electrolytes |
| These external parasites can appear because of poor sanitation and decaying feed. | Flies |
| What are the breeding grounds for flies? | Manure or other organic matter |
| These external parasites cause hair loss and rough coat with lots of rubbing and itching. | Lice |
| What are the two type of lice? | Biting and Sucking |
| What time of the year are lice greatest? | Winter |
| How can you prevent and treat for lice? | Routine use of lice control powders or liquid pour ons, clip hair along topline |
| When should you treat for lice? | Early and mid winter months |
| What disease is gray, crusty nodules on the skin usually the head and shoulders? | Warts |
| How can you prevent warts? | Good Sanitation and vaccination |
| What is the most costly disease in dairy herds? | Mastitis |
| Depending on the causative organism what is mastitis considered? | Contagious and Environmental |
| What are the 3 types of contagious mastitis? | Strep Agalactiae (Strep Ag), Staph Aureus, Mycoplasma |
| What are the 5 types of environmental mastitis? | E. Coli, Klebsiella, Strep Uberis, Staph Epidermidis, Yeast |
| What is mastitis? | An infection of the mammary gland caused by on of several bacterial organisms. |
| What are the symptoms of mastitis? | Elevated somatic cell count, flakes, or lumps in milk, may have swollen and painful udder, may go off feed |
| What is considered sub-clinical mastitis? | A cow has elevated somatic cell count but no clinical signs |
| What is considered clinical mastitis? | A cow has clinical signs that you can physically see |
| What are the causes of mastitis? | Dirty environment, Improper milking procedures, faulty equipment, mastitis in other cows, Udder and teat injury |
| What are ways you can prevent mastitis? | Follow proper milking procedures, clean, dry environment, dry cow treatment, teat dip after milking, properly designed and installed milking system |
| What is the most effective way to treat mastitis? | Dry Cow Therapy |
| What metabolic disease do cows get from grazing lush high protein pasture in early spring? | Grass Tetany |
| What disease is grass tetany similar to? | Milk Fever |
| What are the symptoms of grass tetany? | Muscles tremors, down cow if untreated death can result |
| What is the cause of grass tetany? | Magnesium deficiency |
| What fungal disease commonly affect heifers? | Ringworm |
| How can you prevent grass tetany? | Add magnesium to ration |
| How can you treat for grass tetany? | Magnesium and Calcium IV |
| This disease is gray, crusty patches on the skin. | Ringworm |
| What can cause ringworm? | Being exposed to infected housing and animals |
| How can you treat animals for ringworm? | Exposure to sunshine, scrape of crust and apply iodine, bleach, or other effective solution, orally giving Griseofluvin |
| What is the biggest animal welfare concern of dairy animal? | Lameness |
| What % of all lameness occurs on the rear feet? | 90% |
| When does lameness occur the most? | Summer and early fall |
| What are some symptoms of lameness? | Lost Milk production, favoring one foot or visibly limbing , abnormal walking swollen feet or observation of lesions |
| What are types of infectious foot disease? | Foot rot and Digital Dermatitis |
| What is a characteristic of foot rot? | Strong odor |
| What causes foot rot? | Bacteria, wet muddy environment, foot rot in other cattle |
| What is a very painful lesions below the pastern in the epidermal area of the skin? | Digital Dermatitis |
| What is another name for digital dermatitis? | Hairy heel warts |
| What is hairy heel wart cause by? | Bacteria, wet manure conditions introduction of infected animals |
| What are type of non-infectious foot diseases? | Laminitis, toe and sole ulcers, white line seperation |
| What are two potential factors of non-infectious foot disease? | Rumen acidosis and uncomfortable stall/ lack of bedding |
| What are ways to prevent all foot lameness? | Providing dry, clean yards, regular removal of manure, preventive hoof trimming, and regular use of foot bath |
| How can you prevent infectious foot disease? | Practice good bio-security |
| How can you prevent non-infectious foot disease? | Feed a diet with adequate fiber and provide comfortable stall with adequate bedding for cows to lay down |
| How can you treat for foot diseases? | Regular use of foot bath and antibiotic for severely infected animals |
| This disease a cow has a sudden lack of appetite reluctant to move with rapid respiration rate, temperature of 103F or higher. | Hardware disease |
| What causes hardware disease? | Cows consuming metal like nails and wire |
| What stomach does hardware disease affect? | The Recticulum |
| How can you prevent hardware disease? | Give cows magnets and have magnets on TMR mixers |
| This disease the abomasum moves into the body cavity preventing passage of feedstuff? | Displaced Abomasum(D. A.)/Twisted Stomach |
| How can you diagnosis a D.A.? | Using a stethoscope to hear a pinning sound like a hollow basketball |
| What are the symptoms of a D. A.? | Cows eating very little, feces often firm |
| What can cause a twisted stomach in a cow? | Lack of fiber in diet during transition periord |
| How can you prevent a twisted stomach from happening? | Maintain adequate fiber level during transition period and prevent other diseases from causing the cow to stop eating |
| How do you treat a displaced abomasum? | Surgery or roll cow and pin abomasum in the proper place |
| What is swelling in the udder near calving called? | Udder Edema |
| What can cause Udder Edema? | Feeding too much salt or potassium before calving |
| How can you prevent udder edema? | Proper nutrition during dry period |
| What do you do to treat udder edema? | Diurectics and Udder Massages |
| What can happen primarily at calving due to an increase need for calcium to make colostrum? | Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever) |
| What are the symptoms of milk fever? | Staggering, Difficulty rising, finally down and unable to rise, Usually laying on sternum with head bent back toward flank |
| What causes a cow to come down with milk fever? | Feeding high DCAD(dietary cation anion difference) diet during close up period also usually from feeding forages high in potassium |
| What type of cows are most susceptible to milk fever? | Older cows and Jerseys |
| How can you prevent a cow from coming down with milk fever? | Feed low or negative DCAD during last few week before calving |
| How can you treat a cow with milk fever? | Calcium gluconate IV |
| What is excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen called? | Bloat |
| What is the causes bloat within cows? | Mostly on new highly productive pastures especially in pasture containing a high percent of lush alfalfa |
| What are the symptom of bloat? | Distended rumen on the left side of the animal, Breathing become labored and excessive salivation is common |
| How can you prevent bloat from happening? | Pastures that are less then 50% alfalfa feeding cows stored feeds before grazing, feed recommended levels of bloat- preventing drug |
| How can you treat a bloated cow? | Tube stomach to release gas and drench with mineral oil or commercial product. Use Trocar on the left side if serious |
| This disease is primarily in calves. A calf will have a listless, poor appetite, high fever, thickened, hot navel cord, and swollen joints. | Navel Ill |
| What can cause navel ill? | Colostrum not fed at birth, or low in antibodies |
| How can you prevent a calf from get navel ill? | Use navel clip, dip navel in a tincture of 7% iodine at birth, sufficient colostrum and sanitize maternity pen. |
| How can you treat navel ill? | Intensive antibiotic therapy |
| About 68% of dairy herds are infected with what disease? | Johne's |
| When is a dairy animal most likely infected with Johne's? | Calves are usually infected in the 1st couple of weeks after birth |
| When does symptoms of Johne's appear in cows? | 3 years or older |
| What are the symptoms of Johne's? | Cows have normal appetite but have rapid weight loss, chronic diarrhea that doesn't respond to treatment, Milk production drop dramatically |
| What causes Johne's disease? | The bacterium Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis |
| How are animals infected with Johne's? | Consuming manure from infected cows through contaminated colostrum, maternity pens |
| True or False: There is a treatment for Johne's. | False: There is no treatment for Johne's. |
| How can you prevent Johne's | Immediately remove calves from maternity pens, Feed colostrum replacer or colostrum from test negative cows, Clean maternity pens between in calving. Calve cows that have test positive for Johne's in separate pen. Cull cows that test postive for Johne's |
| When breeding what can help daughters be more resistant to Johne's? | Using AI bulls with high PTA Productive Life |
| What should you do with a cow showing clinical signs of Johne's? | Cull Promptly |
| This is a metabolic disorder characterized by low blood from reduce feed intake during times negative energy balance. | Ketosis |
| If you don't treat ketosis, what can it lead to? | Fatty Liver Syndrome |
| What are some symptoms of Ketosis? | Reduce Feed intake, decrease milk production, smell of acetone can be detected on affected cow's breath, Normal body temp |
| How can ketosis be diagnosed? | A blood, urine, or milk test |
| What is ketosis caused by? | Rapid weight loss resulting in elevated ketones |
| True or False: To prevent Ketosis you SHOULD OVER CONDITION your animals during late lactation and dry period | False you should NOT over condition your animals |
| How do you treat ketosis? | IV with dextrose or oral drench with propylene glycol |
| This disease is caused by a spore forming bacteria and causes sudden death with swelling of a limb(s) or swelling in rear area | Blackleg |
| How can you prevent blackleg? | Vaccination, Burn or bury the carcasses, also overgrazing of pastures |
| True or False Treatment for blackleg is ineffective as death is usually rapid. | True |
| This disease is caused by a bacterium with symptoms through blood test, abortions in middle of third pregnancy with several services per conception with irregular heat cycles. | Vibriosis |
| How do you prevent Vibriosis from spreading? | Using A.I. or vaccinating yearly if using a herd bull |
| This disease is caused by a bacterium, can be identified with a blood or urine test, and is a zoonotic disease. | Leptospirosis |
| What are 2 symptoms of Leptospirosis? (4 correct answers) | Abortions in 2nd and 3rd trimester, low conception rate, bloody urine, loss of milk production |
| How can you prevent leptospirosis? | Vaccination |
| This disease is caused by a bacterium, is a zoonotic disease and is called the undulant fever for humans, and can be diagnosed by a blood or milk ring test. | Brucellosis |
| What is another name for Brucellosis? | Bangs disease |
| What can happen if a cow has bangs disease? | Abortions in last third of pregnancy and high services per conception |
| True or False: All states are considered brucellosis free. | True |
| When do you give a calf a vaccination for bangs disease? | 4-8 months |
| This is a respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Mannheimia and pasteurella that results in high fever nasal discharge with coughing, may have rough coat if severe. | Shipping Fever |
| True or False: Shipping fever is often time NOT complicated by or confused with viral infection> | False It is |
| This respiratory disease is caused by a virus and can be identified by virus in blood and tissues. | IBR or Infectionus bovine rhinotracheitis |
| What is IBR commonly know as? | Red Nose |
| This respiratory disease is caused by a virus and an affected animal exhibits watery to yellow colored discharged from eyes and nose, Coughs, increases respiration rate and fever. | Parainfluenza-3 (PI3) |
| This disease is caused by a virus in which an animal has profuse watery diarrhea, fever, depression, lack of appetite. | Bovine Viral Diarrhea or BVD |
| How can you identify if an animal is infected with BVD? | Milk, serum or ear notch test |
| When is an animal infected with BVD? | between 45 and 125 days in gestation |
| This respiratory disease is caused by a virus primarily in heifers and infected animals have mucous discharge from eyes and nose with increased temptures and respiration rates. | Bovine respiratory syncytial virus or BRSV |
| This disease is caused by the bacteria Morazella Bovis with inflammation and watery eyes with reddening of the eye ball. | Pinkeye or Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis |
| Pinkeye is commonly spread by what? | Face Flies |
| How can you treat an animal with pinkeye? | Antibiotics and or commercial sprays or patches on eye |
Created by:
4HwrightDairy
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