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Physiotherapy Boards
Active and Passive Board Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contraindications to all modalities? | Hemorrhage, Infection, Malignancy |
| Contraindications to all heating modalities? | DM, TB, Encapsulated swellings, Decreased thermal sensation, Abdomen or Low back during pregnancy |
| Contraindications to all electrical modalities? | Brain, eyes, heart, carotid sinuses, pacemaker, pregnancy (LB and Abs), open wounds, decreased sensation (LVG only) |
| The best modality to increase circulation? | IR |
| The deepest heating modality? | Ultrasound |
| Used to treat superficial infections? | UV |
| Contraindications to massage therapy? | *Vascular problems (phlebitis, thrombosis, Varicosities, local acute inflammation, ulcerations |
| Transverse friction massage is not recommended for what conditions? | Calcific tendonitis or Bursitis |
| What are the indications for traction therapy? | Disc syndromes, Foraminal encroachment, hyperlordosis, chronic spasms, fibrotic adhesions |
| What are the contraindications for traction? | Bone weakening conditions (osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia), pregnancy, RA, acute spasm, FX, hypertensive disorders |
| What are the traction recommendations for the cervical spine? | Begin @ 5% BW and increase 2pds each Tx (max of 50pds). Never extend the cervical spine. |
| What are the traction recommendations for the lumbar spine? | Begin @ 25% BW, increase 5pds each Tx (max 150pds). Patient is supine w/ legs flexed (90/90) |
| Vasoconstriction followed by Vasodilation while using cryotherapy is called? | Hunting-Lewis Rxn |
| Contraindications for cryotherapy? | Raynaud's/Buerger's, Chilbains, frostbite, vascular problems |
| What are the sensory reactions to cryotherapy? | Cold - Burning - Aching - Anesthesia (numbness) |
| Fingernail test? | Barouche |
| Cold wet towels? | Raspt |
| Physiological effects of IR? | increases vasodilation and lymph flowdecreases spasms, BP |
| Indications of IR? | Arthritis, contusions, Raynaud's, Bell's palsy, MSK conditions |
| Contraindications of IR? | Same as contraindications for heat |
| Short wave IR? | Emitted by heated bodies, 14-18" away, sunlight = heliotherapy |
| Long wave IR? | (Direct contact) Hydrocollator (6 towel layers), Hot water bottle, electric pads (170 F) |
| Too much radiation causing mottled, splotchy skin and redness is called what? | Erythema Ab igne |
| For every increase of 10 degrees celcius the rate of oxidation increases 2 1/2 times? | Van Hopf's Temperature Law |
| Best form of IR? | Hydrocollator pack (moist heat) 150-170 F |
| Best modality for superficial vascular? | IR high frequency |
| Transmission of heat in gas and liquids by circulation of heat? (hydrocollator, hot water bottle) | Convection |
| Transmission of heat without intervening medium getting warm? | Radiation (sun, UV lamp, IR lamp) |
| The conversion of electrical energy into heat or mechanical energy? | Conversion (SWD, MWD, US) |
| The transfer of heat through a substance? | Conduction (hydrocollator, paraffin bath) |
| What is the temp for a cold bath? hot bath? | Cold = 55-65, Hot = 98-105 |
| What are some contraindications for baths? | vacular disorder or sensation loss |
| What type of bath would be used to treat Raynauds and Buerger's? | Start hot and end in cold bath |
| What bath would be used to treat hemorrhoids, dysmenorrhea, coccydynia, prostatitis? | Sitz |
| What can be a paraffin bath be used for? | Chronic OA or RA |
| What is a Hubbert Tank used for? | To Tx burn patients |
| What are the actions of UV? | thermal and photochemical |
| What causes erythema when UV is used? | Congestion of capillaries due to the release of histamine |
| Tanning of the skin is due to what? | movement of melanin (phototaxia) |
| What conditions are indicated for UV Tx? | Acne, fungus, herpes zoster, taenis pedis, taenia capitis, ulcers, rickets, osteomalacia |
| What are the the superficial modalities that only penetrate 1-2mm's? | UV, IR |
| What test is used to guage the pt tolerance to UV? | Erythema patch test aka Sleeve test |
| What is the wavelength of Short wave? Long wave? | short (near) = 180-270 long (far) = 270-390 |
| The first two stages of burn include? | 0: suberythemal dose (SED) = No reddening, 1: minimal erythemal dose (MED) = reddening w/out desquamation |
| The last three stages include? | 2: 1st degree burn = reddening w/ sunburn, 3: 2nd degree burn = itching, redness, burning, desquamation (peeling), blisters, 4: 3rd degree burn = swelling, edema, blister |
| The optimum effect of radiation occurs when the part treated is at a right angle to the source? | Cosine Law aka Angulation of Rays |
| The intesity of radiation from any light source varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source? | Inverse Square Law (36" distance reduced by 1/2 increased the intensity 4x's) |
| Kromayer - water cooled device? | Hot Quartz |
| MC neon and mercury? | Cold Quartz |
| Goggles for both patient and operator, sore throats? | Orificial |
| UV filtered through nickel oxide glass used for fluorescence? | Wood's Light Lamp or Filter |
| What physiologic effects does short wave and microwave diathermy decrease? | BP, nerve pain, cramps, spasms |
| What are indications for diathermy? | Hip and chronic joint conditions, muscle, tendon, nerve inflammation, bone conditions, bronchitis, sinusitis |
| What are 2 specific conditions contraindicated for microwave diathermy? | sinusitis and otitis media |
| Why do you have to wear goggles to operate MWD? | To avoid cataracts |
| What are Butterfly electrodes used for? | SWD - for Tx sinusitis |
| What is diapulse used for? | Tx adrenals |
| What is the mode of action for MWD? SWD? | MWD = inside out, SWD = outside in |
| Generally what conditions are Tx w/ SWD? MWD? | SWD = bronchitis, sinusitis, PID, MWD = muscle strain |
| How deep does diathermy penetrate? | Deep = 2" |
| What is the Tx distance with SWD? MWD? | SWD = w/ towel directly on skin, MWD = 1-5" away w/ no towels (never direct contact) |
| What are the 3 best Tx's for pain? | IFC, Tens, High Volt |
| What are the modes of action for US? | Thermal = hyperemia, alkalosis, deep heat, Mechanical = removes exudates, Chemical = inc. gas exchange / chemical oxid., Neural = anesthesia (mild) |
| Contraindications for US? | vascular, TB, epiphyses, bony prominence (unless under water), spinal cord, ganglia, plexuses |
| Penetration for US? | Deep = 4-8cm (deepest heat modality) |
| US intensity w/ coupling agent: acute? chronic? | acute = 0.5-1.5 watts / cm2, chronic = 1.0-2.0 watts / cm2 |
| US intensity w/ under water: acute? chronic? | acute = 1.0-2.0 w/cm2, chronic = 1.5-2.5 w/cm2 |
| Pulsed US eliminates what? | Thermal effect (used for massage effect) |
| Continuous US does what? | Maximizes thermal effect |
| What do the piezoelectric crystals in the sound head of the US machine do? | Convert electrical energy to mechanical vibrations |
| What is phonophoresis? | chemical driven into skin (vit. A and E creams used as coupling medium) |
| What are the direct currents aka monophasic or unidirectional? | LVG, HV, Tens (all have polarity) |
| This law recognizes that an increase in current increases temp? | Joule's Law |
| This modality uses soluble ionic salts to drive a charge into the body's tissue? | Iontophoresis (anode = + cathode = -) |
| Negative Pole / cathode is used for? | adhesions, bursitis, bruises, scars, sprain/strain |
| Positive Pole/ anode is used for? | edema (Mg+), fibrositis, fungus (Cu+), neuritis |
| What is the mode of action for Galvanic? | electrokinetic/electrochemical |
| What are the physiologic effects of the positive pole? | attracts acid, oxygen, vasoconstricts, acute pain relief, contracts/hardens tissue |
| What is electrodiagnosis used for? | Tests for reaction of degeneration (RD), LMNL(injury that separates muscle from ant. horn cell)*NCV and EMG modalities used |
| What are the treatments for a partial RD? total RD? Absolute RD? | partial = slight faradic, increased galvanic, 2 weeks, Total = no faradic, athetoid (vermicular) galvanic, 3 wks to 1 year, Absolute = No response to anything, no recovery |
| What size is the active electrode, and where is it placed? Dispersal pad? | Active = small, on Tx site, Dispersal pad = large, proximal limb away from Tx site |
| High Volt has what mode of action? | electrokinetic |
| What are the physiologic effects of High Volt? | Pain control = endorphines and enkephalinesSpasm and Edema reducedExercises mucle (contraction) |
| Contraindications to High Volt? | heart, pacemakers, pregnancy**Decreased sensation is NOT contraindicated |
| What is the application of the + polarity? - polarity? | (+) = acute pain(-) = trigger point |
| What are the following high volt settings used for: 15-20? >20? 1-10? 70-100? | 15-20 = exercise, > 20 = tetanized, 1-10 = edema and endorphin production, 70-100 = enkephalin production |
| What are the following high volt rate modes used for: continuous mode? switch rate mode? interrupted mode? | continuous = inflammation and pain, switch = spasmsinterrupted - re-educate, strengthen |
| What is monopolar dispersal pad placement used for? | deep penetration and large area |
| What is bipolar dispersal pad placement used for? | (same size active and dispersal) small area/individual mm groups |
| What is the mode of action for TENS? | Gate theory and Opiate theory |
| What theory did Melzack and Wall develop? | Gate Pain theory |
| When is TENS indicated and what is the penetration level? | indicated for pain (not vascular)penetrates superficial |
| What is the size and function of A-beta fibers? | largest, fastest, proprioception |
| What is the size and function of A-delta fibers? | smaller, slower, temperature, touch, pain |
| What is the size and function of C-fibers? | smallest, slowest, carry only pain |
| What is the mode of action for sinusoidal/faradic? | AC, low voltage, low frequency, electrokinetic |
| What is the difference between sinusoidal AC and faradic AC? | sinusoidal = each cycle is neutral/equal, faradic = high intensity pulse more effective |
| What modality has the deepest (intra-articular) penetration? | IFC |
| What is the mode of action for IFC? | electrokinetic, pain control |
| Russina stimulation (premodulated) increases what? | mucle size and strength |
| Modulation constantly changes what? | frequency (decreasing accomodation) |
| What is the difference between vectoring on and vectoring off? | on = large Tx areaoff = small Tx area |
| What is Wedensky inhibition? | Inhibition of muscle response resulting from application of a series of rapidly repeated stimuli to the motor nerve where slower frequency of stimulation results in muscle response |
| What are the rotator cuff muscles and actions? | Supraspinatus = abduction, Infraspinatus = ext. rotation, Teres Minor = ext. rotation, Subscapularis = internal rotation |
| What condition can be Tx through VMO (quad) rehabilitation? | chondromalacia patella (lateral tracking) |
| What is the action of the teres major? | adducts and medially rotates shoulder |
| What are the actions of the hamstrings? | Leg flexion, rotation of tibia |
| What is the action of the gasctrocnemius? | plantar flex, flex the leg at knee |
| What is the action of the soleus? | plantar flexion |
| What is the action of the tibialis anterior? | dorsiflexion and inversion |
| What is the action of the iliopsoas? | flexion of the thigh |
| When should passive exercised be utilized? | during joint inflammation (prevents contractures) |
| What is an isometric contraction? | no change in muscle length, no joint movement |
| What is an isotonic contraction? | muscle length is changed, joint moved |
| What is concentric contraction? | shortening |
| What is eccentric contraction? | lengthening |
| A Cybex machine changes muscle length while constantly changing pressure at a constant speed through a full ROM. What type of contraction does it utilize? | Isokinetic |
| Exercises used for peripheral vascular disease. Pt. sitting, legs elevated until blanching of extremity? | Buerger-Allen |
| Group of exercises to reduce low back pain. Pt. is in a sit-up position, iliopsoas not used, flexion exercises? | Williams's |
| Extension exercises for acute low back pain, disc problems? | McKenzie's |
| Exercise that strengthens shoulder girdle, but eliminates use of supraspinatus, frozen shoulder? | Codman's |
| A systematic approach to muscle strength gain by increaseing resistance? (wt. training) | DeLorme's |
| Exercise used to improve pelvic floor muscles, urinary incontinence? | Keagles |
| Stress exercises to aid in relaxation? | Jacobson's |
| Used to mobilize the spine, exercise muscles in scoliotic condition, cross-crawl? | Clayton's |
| Ataxic motion, wobble board, develops proprioception? | Frenkel's |
| This type of exercise shortens the muscle very quickly? | Ballistic |
| What is an example of an open chain exercise? | knee extension |
| What is an example of a closed chain exercise? | squats |
| What are Kayoki exercises used for? | Hip |
| What support would be indicated if George's line is disrupted, the patient can rotate head? | Firm Cervical Collar (moderate cervical laxity) |
| What support is indicated for severe laxity of the cervical spine? | Philadelphia Collar (no ROM) |
| If no cervical laxity is found what support should be used? | Soft foam collar |
| What brace is recommended for a Cobb's angle of 20-40 degrees? (scoliosis) | Milwaukee brace |
| This brace is indicated for SI hypermobility aka trochanteric belt? | Sacroiliac girdle |
| This brace is used for inversion ankle sprains? | Figure 8 aka Lousiana strap |
| This brace is used on the knee aka the De-rotational brace? | Lennox-Hill |
| This brace is used to keep the wrist out of flexion and for carpal tunnel syndrome? | Cockup Splint (worn at night) |
| What is the best modality for acute injury? | Pulsed US |
| What is the most indicated modality for fracture? | microcurrent |
| What are Bobath exercises used for? | Cerebral Palsy or UMNL |
| Force/Time = minutes of time to create a contraction, 2x's rheobase? | Chronaxie |
| Amount of time of muscle stimulation to create a contraction? | Rheobase |
Created by:
palmerchiro101
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