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Pulm Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atelectasis | Loss of lung volume. Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of the lung. |
| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing (mild, moderate, severe) |
| DOE | dyspnea on exertion. |
| Hypoxia | below normal levels of O2 |
| Anoxia | absence or almost complete absence of O2 |
| Hemoptysis | cough with bloody production (sputum) |
| Hemoptysis originates | below the vocal cords. Above is not a true hemoptysis |
| Atelectasis | Loss of lung volume. Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of the lung. |
| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing (mild, moderate, severe) |
| DOE | dyspnea on exertion. |
| Hypoxia | below normal levels of O2 |
| Anoxia | absence or almost complete absence of O2 |
| Hemoptysis | cough with bloody production (sputum) |
| Hemoptysis originates | below the vocal cords. Above is not a true hemoptysis |
| An Intrapulmonary hemoptysis is | bright red |
| An extrapulmonary hemoptysis is | dark tarry = GI |
| When assessing pulmonary complaints orders that can be considered are? | CXR (PA + lat), CT chest or HRCT, PFTs, Spirometry (measure lung volumes and capacities), ABGs |
| The four lung volumes are? | Inspiratory reserve volume, Reserve volume, Tidal volume, Expiratory reserve volume. |
| The four lung capacities are? | Inspiratory capacity, functional capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity |
| All capacities are composed of two or more volumes: Inspiratory capacity | IRV + TV |
| Functional reserve capacity is composed of: | ERV + RV |
| Vital capacity is composed of: | IRV + TV + ERV +RV |
| Total lung capacity: | IRV + TV + ERV + RV |
| Residual volume is | The amount of air left in the lungs after exhalation |
| Expiratory reserve volume | Amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation |
| Tidal Volume | Amount of air inspired during a normal inspiration -TV satisfies resting metabolic needs -TV not entirely used for gas exchange - 70% reaches resp bronchioles/ 30% reaches anatomic dead space. |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | Amount of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration |
| Total lung capacity | Volume of air in the lung at maximum inspiration -limited primary to restriction of lung (ex: emphysema) RV + ERV + TV + IRV - 5- 8 L |
| Inspiratory capacity | Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. (TV + IRV) |
| FRC functional residual capacity | Volume of air that remains in the lung after a normal exhalation (RV + ERV) |
| Peak expiratory flow rate | assessment of flow variability (objective) ---> Quantifies disease severity * |
| Peak expiratory flow rate is used in the assessment of what type of airway dz | Asthma (acute) |
| Peak expiratory flow rate occurs during the ____ part of exhalation | early |
| Normal peak flows for healthy females | 300-500 L/ min |
| Normal peak flows for healthy males | 400- 600 L/min |
| Decreased peak flow indicates | obstruction |
| Spirometry is the | assessment of capacity and volume -useful in small and large airway dz |
| Spirometry is used to predict | 1) airflow obstruction 2) if airflow obstruction is immediately reversible |
| While performing spirometry educate your patients to not | cough or hesitate (causing extra breaths) |
| FEV1 decrease indicates | obstruction of larger airways |
| Flow volume loop is | a graphical representation of spirometry results: a measurement of inspiratory and expiratory flows and volumes |
| In 6 seconds the flow loos shows when | the patient inspires, expires, and inspires again |
| Intrapulmonary sources of hemoptysis includes | Infections, structural, vascular, cardiac, wegners granulomatosis, connective tissue, and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis |
| Extrapulmonary sources of hemoptysis includes | Upper resp ( epistaxis, nasopharygeal lesions, oral), GI, systemic coagulopathies, cocaine |
| Pink frothy sputum | Pulmonary edema |
| Blood streaked, purulent | Chronic bronchitis |
| Frank blood | Rupture of bronchial arteries from inflammation, trauma, malignancy |
| When assessing hemoptysis lab/diagnostic studies you want to order include | CBC w/ diff, PT/PTT, INR, sputum for C & S, Gram stain, AFB, cytology, fibrinogen level, D-dimer, PA/lat CXR, CT chest or angiogram, bronchoscopy is a MUST (malignancy) |
| If a patient presents with hemoptysis and has history of smoking, is elderly, has hx of a prior malignancy, or family hx of a malignancy what diagnostic study SHOULD you order? | Bronchoscopy |
| If a patient presents in your clinic with bleeding > 200 mL in 24 hours | ADMIT to hospital for further workup |
| A pt presents with massive hemoptysis you should treat as | hypovolemic shock, obtain surgery and pulmonary consults. |
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