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serp 601 midterm
ch. 1-2 + apa
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plagiarism | The practice of claiming credit for the words, ideas, and concepts of others |
| Self-Plagiarism | The practice of presenting one’s own previously published work as though it were new |
| Block Quotation | When using a direct quote 40 words or greater, display in freestanding block of text and omit quotation marks with the source and page or paragraph number cited in parenthesis after the final punctuation mark |
| Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) | means of persistent identification for managing information on digital networks |
| Preformationism | The belief that adultlike capacities, desires, interests, and emotions are present in early childhood |
| Developmentalists | those who contribute to a growing knowledge of children's development, regardless of their specific discipline or area of expertise |
| Developmental Science | The field of study that focuses on the range of children's physical, intellectual, and emotional developments |
| Nature | The inherited biological predispositions of the individual |
| Nurture | The influences exerted on development by the individual's social and cultural environment and personal experiences |
| Plasticity | The degree to which, and the conditions under which, development is open to change and intervention |
| Critical Period | A period during which specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur |
| Sensitive Period | A time in an organism's development when a particular experience has an especially profound effect |
| Theory | a framework of ideas or body of principles that can be used to guide the collection and interpretation of a set of facts |
| Developmental Stage | A qualitatively distinctive, coherent pattern of behavior that emerges during the course of development |
| Psychodynamic theories | Theories, such as those of Freud and Erikson, that explore the influence on development and developmental stages of universal biological drives and the life experiences of individuals |
| Behaviorism | Theories that focus on development as the result of learning, and on changes in behavior as a result of forming associations between behavior and its consequences |
| Constructivist theory | Piaget's theory, in which cognitive development results from children's active construction of reality, based on their experiences with the world |
| Sociocultural theory | The theory associated with Vygotsky that emphasizes the influence of culture on development |
| Zone of proximal development | For Vygotsky, the gap between what children can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish when interacting with others who are more competent |
| Evolutionary theories | Theories that explain human behavior in terms of how it contributes to the survival of the species and that look at how our evolutionary past influences inndividual development |
| ethology | An interdisciplinary science that studies the biological and evolutionary foundations of behavior |
| Social learning theories | Theories that emphasize the behavior-consequences associations that children learn by observing and interacting with others in social situations |
| information-processing theories | theories that look at cognitive development in terms of how children come to process, store, organize, retrieve, and manipulate information in increasingly efficient ways |
| systems theories | theories that envision development in terms of complex wholes made up of parts and that explore how these wholes and their parts are organized and interact and change over time |
| dynamic systems theory | a theory that addresses how new, complex systems of behavior develop from the interaction of less complex parts |
| ecological systems theory | a theory focusing on the organization and interactions of the multiple environmental contexts within which children develop |
| objectivity | the requirement that scientific knowledge not be distorted by the investigator's preconceptions |
| reliability | the scientific requirement that when the same behavior is measured on two or more occasions by the same or different observers, the measurements be consistent with each other |
| replicability | the scientific requirement that other researchers can use the same procedures as an initial investigator did and obtain the same results |
| validity | the scientific requirement that the data being collected actually reflect the phenomenon being studied |
| basic research | research to advance scientific knowledge of human development |
| applied research | research designed to answer practical questions related to improving children's lives and experiences with the goal of benefiting society by generating knowledge that can be used in solving specific problems |
| action research | research to provide data that can be used to make social-policy decisions |
| naturalistic observation | observation of the actual behavior of people in the course of their everyday lives |
| ethnography | the study of cultural organization of behavior |
| experiment | in psychology, research in which change is introduced into a person's experience and the effect of that change is measured |
| experimental group | the group in an experiment whose experience is changed as part of the experiment |
| control group | the group in an experiment that is treated as much as possible like the experimental group except that it does not participate in the experimental manipulation |
| clinical interview | a research method in which questions are tailored to the individual, with each question depending on the answer to the preceding one |
| research design | the overall plan that describes how a study is put together; it is developed before conducting research |
| longitudinal design | a research design in which data are gathered about the same group of people as they grow older over an extended period of time |
| cohort | a group of persons born about the same time who are therefore likely to share certain experiences |
| cross-sectional design | a research design in which individuals of various ages are studied at the same time |
| cohort sequential design | a research design in which the longitudinal method is replicated with several cohorts |
| microgenetic design | a research method in which individuals' development is studied intensively over a relatively short period of time |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | groups responsible for evaluating and overseeing the official soundness of research practices at an institution |
| causation | a relationship in which one event or factor depends upon the occurrence of a prior event or factor |
| correlation | a relationship in which differences in one factor are associated with differences in another factor |
| Culture | Material and symbolic tools that accumulate through time, are passed on through social processes, and provide resources for the developing child |
| Material tools | cultural tools, including physical objects and observable patterns of behavior such as family routines and social practices |
| symbolic tools | cultural tools, such as abstract knowledge, beliefs, and values |
| mediation | the process through which tools organize people's activities and ways of relating to their environments |
| social enhancement | the most basic social process of learning to use cultural resources, in which resources are used simply because others' activities have made them available in the immediate environment |
| imitation | the social process through which children learn to use their culture's resources by observing and copying behaviors of others |
| explicit instruction | the social process in which children are purposefully taught to use the resources of their culture |
| cumulative cultural evolution | the dynamic ongoing process of cultural change that is a consequence of variation that individuals have produced in the cultural tools they use |
| heredity | the biological transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next |
| genes | the segments on a DNA molecule that act as hereditary blueprints for the organism's development |
| genotype | the genetic endowment of an individual |
| phenotype | the organism's observable characteristics that result from the interaction of the genotype with the environment |
| natural selection | the process through which species survive and evolve, in which individuals with phenotypes that are more adaptive to the environmental conditions survive and reproduce with greater success than do individuals with phenotypes that are less adaptive |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure made up of genes. In humans, there are 46 in every cell except sperm and ova |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a long, double-stranded molecule that makes up chromosomes |
| zygote | the single cell formed at conception from the union of the sperm and the ovum |
| germ cells | the sperm and ova, which are specialized for sexual reproduction and have half the number of chromosomes normal for a species |
| somatic cells | all the cells in the body except for the germ cells |
| mitosis | the process of cell duplication and division that generates all the individual's cells except sperm and ova |
| meiosis | the process that produces sperm and ova, each of which contains only half of the parent cell's original complement of 46 chromosomes |
| monosygotic (MZ) twins | twins who come from one zygote and therefore have identical genotypes |
| dizygotic (DZ) twins | twins who come from two zygotes |
| X chromosome | one of the two chromosomes that determine sex; in females, both members of the 23rd pair of chromosomes are X, and in males, one member of the 23rd pair is |
| Y chromosome | one of the two chromosomes that determine sex; in males, one member of the 23rd pair of chromosomes |
| allele | the specific form of a gene that influences a particular trait |
| homozygous | having inherited two genes of the same allelic form for a trait |
| heterozygous | having inherited two genes of different allelic form for a trait |
| dominant allele | the allele that is expressed when an individual possesses two different alleles for the same trait |
| recessive allele | the allele that is not expressed when an individual possesses two different alleles for the same trait |
| carriers | individuals who are heterozygous for a trait with a dominant and recessive allele and thus express only the characteristics associated with the dominant allele but may pass the recessive allele, including for a recessive disorder, on to their offspring |
| codominance | outcome in which a trait that is determined by two alleles is different from the trait produced by either of the contributing alleles alone |
| polygenic inheritance | refers to the contribution of a variety of genes- sometimes very many- to a particular trait |
| mutation | an alteration in the molecular structure of an individual's DNA |
| gene pool | the total variety of a genetic information possessed by a sexually reproducing population |
| heritability | a measure of the degree to which a variation in a particular trait among individuals in a specific population is related to genetic differences among those individuals |
| co-construction | the shaping of environments through interactions between children and their caregivers, siblings, neighbors, and friends |
| ecological inheritance | environmental modifications, as a result of niche construction, that affect the development of offspring and descendants |
| coevolution | the combined process that emerges from the interaction of biological evolution and cultural evolution |
| Baldwin effect | the role of cultural factors in determining which phenotypes are adaptive |
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emme9364
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