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A&P Finals Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Transport and drainage of excessive interstitial fluid and defend against disease |
| Where does lymph originate? | Blood plasma |
| Where does lymph ultimately dump into? | Subclavian vein |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | Removes and destroys bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris |
| What is the function of the spleen? | Filters blood. Old blood cells removed, macrophages also destroy bacteria and viruses that are carried in the blood |
| What is the function of the thymus? | Production of T-lymphocytes |
| What are types of non-specific immunity? | Species specific, mechanical barriers, enzymatic action, interferons, inflammation and phagocytes |
| What is an antigen? | Any substance recognized by lymphocytes as foreign to the body (not self) |
| What is an antibody? | Produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen |
| What specific type of cells produce antibodies | The plasm cell of the B-Cells |
| What is the difference between memory B-cells and plasma cells? | Plasma cells produce the antibodies and B-cells remember the antigen |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary immunity? | Primary =the production of antibodies and destruction of foreign cells and secondary =B-cells which remember the antigen by its shape (Responds more quickly) |
| What is Titer | Concentration of specific antibodies in the blood |
| What is the function of a killer T-cell? | Attach to foreign cells and kill or inhibit their growth (needs t-helper cell) |
| What is adema? | Swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluid |
| What cause adema? | Lymphatic system becomes obstructed by injury of surgery or venous pressure |
| Where do lymphocytes originate? | Red bone marrow |
| Where do T-cells mature? | Thymus |
| Where do B-cells mature? | Red bone marrow |
| What is an autoimmune disease? | Body tissues are attacked by our own immune system |
| What is the most abundant antibody? | Immunoglobulin G (IgG) |
| What type of antibodies are present in the secretion of milk and saliva? | Immunoglobulin A (IgA) |
| What type of immunity is acquired from actually having the disease? | Natually acquired active immunity |
| IgG passes from mother to fetus in fetal circulation and IgA in milk describes what type of immunity? | Naturally acquired passive immunity |
| What type of immunity is acquired from vaccinations? | Artificially acquired active immunity |
| What are the 2 types of T-Cells? | Killer T-cells and Helper T-Cells |
| What is a natural killer cell? | Part of our immune system and are cells that kill target cells that are infected with a virus by perforating the cell |
| What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? | Production of sperm |
| In the reproduction of males, what is produced in the interstitial cells? | Testosterone 24/7 |
| What is the purpose of the epididymis | Maturation of sperm and the storage of sperm until ejaculated or reabsorbed |
| What is the purpose of the vas deferns? | Carry sperm from the epididymuis to the urethra? |
| What prevents movement of sperm into urethra but doesn't reduce semen volume or libido? | Vasectomy |
| What is the purpose of the urethra in woman? | Urination |
| What is the purpose of the urethra in men? | Urination and reproduction |
| What 2 assessory sex glands produce the major volume of semen? | Seminal vesicles and prostate |
| What is the primary sex organ in woman | Ovaries |
| What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes (oviducts)? | Carries ova to the uterus |
| What area of the female reproductive system is the site for fertilization? | Fallopian tubes |
| What is the function of the uterus? | Sustain the eveloping embryo/fetus |
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? | Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium |
| What lining of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation? | Endometrium |
| What is the purpose of the myometrium? | Expel the fetus during birth and to expel the endometrium during menstruation |
| When does ovulation occur? | Day 14 |
| When is estrogen and progesterone concentration the highest? | Day 21 |
| Where is estrogen and progesterone produced? | Corpus luteum |
| What effect does estrogen and progesterone have on FSH secretion? | Low volumes of estrogen and progesterone stimulates the secretion of FSH |
| What is the role of FSH? | Causes growth of follicle |
| How do hormonal contraceptives work | Produces high volumes of estrogen and progesterone so that the body won't produce FSH |
| What hormone is produced by the developing embryo to sustain the corpus luteum? | HCG |
| What is the functional unit of the lungs? | Alveoli |
| What are the alveoli made of? | Microscopic air sacs composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells surrounded by capillaries |
| How are oxygen and CO2 exchanged between blood and the alveoli? | Simple diffusion |
| What tubes carry air to the alveoli? | Bronchii |
| What is the trachea constructed of? | Rings of hyaline cartilage with a band of smooth muscles forming the posterior wall |
| What is the major stimulous for inhaling? | Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in blood |
| The diaphram relaxes and pushes up in inhalation or exhalation? | Exhalation |
| The diaphragm contracts and pulls down during inhalation or exhalation? | Inhalation |
| What is the purpose of the pleural membrane? | Causes expansion of the lungs which reduces the air pressure inside the lungs |
| What is the role of the glomerulus | Filters the blood |
| What is the role of the kidney tubules? | Function in reabsorption |
| What is the role of the collecting ducts | Delivers final urine products |
| How are water, glucose, amino acids and electrolytes reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries | Active transport |
| What are the functions of the ureter? | Movement of urine into the bladder |
| What is the funtion of the bladder? | Store and release urine |
| What is the function of the urethra? | Movement of urine from the bladder out of the body |
| What moves urine through the ureters? | Paristaltic contractions |
| What type of tissue forms the lining of the bladder and ureters? | Transitional epithelium |
| What are normal components of urine? | 95% water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes, hydrogen ions |
| What is the mechanism for the transportation of oxygen? | Hemoglobin |
| What is the mechanism for the transportation of carbon dioxide? | Bicarbonate ions |
| What do T cells and B cells respond to? | A specific antigen |
| What cells stimulate killer T cells and B cells? | Helper T cells |
| How is water reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries? | osmosis |
| How is glucose and amino acids reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries? | Active transport |
| How is electrolytes reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the pertitubular capillaries | Facilitated diffusion |
Created by:
seshelby62
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