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hist unit 2
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| Articles of Confederation | First constitution of 13 colonies of US. Under the Articles the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the central government. |
| Robert Morris | Superintendent of finance in the final years of the Revolutionary War. Morris became the most influential figure in the government. |
| Newburgh Conspiracy | A plot hatched in 1783 by officers in the Continental Army to oust Congress in a coup and set up a military dictatorship. |
| Northwest Ordinances | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery. |
| Shays’s Rebellion | Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, stormed the federal arsenal at Springfield in the winter of 1787 but were quickly repulsed. |
| Disqualifying Act | An Act to disqualify and render incapable the several persons hereinafter named, from holding or exercising any office of trust, honour, or profit in the Province of Georgia, for a certain time, and for the purposes therein mentioned. |
| Annapolis Convention | Meeting to discuss commercial issues, organized by James Madison and attended by delegates from five states. |
| Philadelphia Convention | Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25-September 17, 1787, of representatives from twelve colonies-excepting Rhode Island-to revise the existing Articles of Confederation; convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new constitution. |
| “Father of the Constitution” | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. |
| Virginia Plan | Differing opinions of delegations to the Constitutional Convention: Virginia's plan called for a strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by population. |
| New Jersey Plan | Differing opinions of delegations to the Constitutional Convention: New Jersey wanted one legislative body with equal representation for each state; |
| Great Compromise | "Connecticut Compromise" Mediated the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia delegations to the Constitutional Convention by providing for a bicameral legislature, the upper house of which would have equal representation and the lower house of wh |
| “3/5 rule” | The Three-Fifths Compromise held that three of every five slaves would count as population for the purposes of apportioning seats in the House of Representatives. |
| Charles A. Beard | Book "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution" advanced the shocking thesis that the philadelphia convention was made up of men who had a selfish economic interest in the outcome. |
| Federalist Papers | series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet |
| Anti-Federalists | Forerunners of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party; opposed the Constitution as a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document. |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states. |
| Pres. George Washington | Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army. First President of the United States. |
| Washington’s Cabinet | established a cabinet as was required by the United States Constitution in Article 2, Section 2, where it states,"...he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Du |
| John Adams | Massachusetts lawyer, a leader in the Revolutionary movement and the Continental Congress, a diplomat in France, Holland, and Britain, George Washington's vice-president, and second President of the United States. |
| John Jay | Federalist leader, and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. |
| Federalist Party | formed by Alexander Hamilton built a network of supporters, largely urban, to support his fiscal policies. wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government and was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans. |
| Alexander Hamilton | New York Congressman and Federalist leader. Hamilton was the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury. |
| Report on Public Credit | Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. The report analyzed the financial standing of the USA and made recommendations for the retirement of the national debt. |
| assumption | assumption is made in the expectation that it will be discharged in due course via a separate argument. |
| Report on the Bank of the U.S. | |
| Report on Manufactures | First secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton's 1791 analysis that accurately foretold the future of American industry and proposed tariffs and subsidies to promote it. |
| Republican Party | Political faction that succeeded the Antifederalists after ratification of the Constitution; led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, it soon developed into the Democratic-Republican party. |
| “strict construction” | Strict construction requires a judge to apply the text only as it is written. Once the court has a clear meaning of the text, no further investigation is required. |
| “loose construction” | Loose construction states if something is not in the U.S. constitution then it doesn't mean you can't do it. |
| French Revolution | period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change t |
| Citizen Genêt | Edmond-Charles Genêt, was a French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution. |
| Jay Treaty (1795) | Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission. |
| searches & seizures | The Fourth Amendment. police or other authorities and their agents, who suspect that a crime has been committed, do a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime |
| impressment | act of compelling some people to serve in the military, usually by force and without notice |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, 1794. |
| Pinckney Treaty (1796) | Treaty with Spain negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in 1795; established United States boundaries at the Mississippi River and the thirty-first parallel and allowed open transportation on the Mississippi. |
| 1796 election | first contested American presidential election and the only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing tickets. jefferson and adams |
| XYZ Affair | French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France (1798-1800). |
| Quasi-War | an undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States |
| Logan Act (1799) | orbids unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign governments. |
| Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) | (1798) Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens. |
| Virginia & Kentucky | political statements in favor of states' rights and Strict Constructionism |
| Resolutions | written motion adopted by a deliberative body |
| “Revolution of 1800” | First time that an American political party surrendered power to the opposition party; Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, had defeated incumbent Adams, a Federalist, for president. |
| Aaron Burr | New York Senator, Thomas Jefferson's Vice-President, and archrival of Alexander Hamilton. He is best known for the duel between himself and Hamilton, which resulted in Hamilton's death. |
| “lame duck” | an elected official who is approaching the end of his or her tenure, and especially an official whose successor has already been elected. |
| “midnight appointments” | when it became clear that he would not win reelection, and the day of Jefferson's inauguration, March 4, 1801, Adams appointed a significant number of federal judges. These midnight appointments consisted exclusively of Federalists, most of who had previo |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he believed in strong federal government. His most enduring decisions included Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden. and McCulloch v. Maryland. |
| Black Hawk War | fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. The war was named for Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, whose British Band fought against the United States Army |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | The Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction under Article III of the Constitution to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, which, as an Indian tribe, was not a sovereign nation. |
| Worcester v. Georgia | In 1830 a Georgia law had required whites in the territory to get licenses authorizing their residence there, and to take an oath of allegiance to the state. Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused and were sentenced to four years at hard l |
| “Trail of Tears” | Cherokees' own term for their forced march, 1838-39, from the southern Appalachians to Indian lands (later Oklahoma); of 15,000 forced to march, 4,000 died on the way. |
| Second Bank of the U.S. | reason was in the War of 1812, the U.S. experienced severe inflation and had difficulty in financing military operations. Subsequently, the credit and borrowing status of the United States were at their lowest levels since its founding. |
| “easy money” | people could just go to local bank and borrow money. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. |
| Nicholas Biddle | President of the Bank of the United States. U. S. president Andrew Jackson felt the bank held too much financial power, and vetoed a bill to recharter the bank. |
| Specie Circular | an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.[1] |
| New Party System | a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country |
| 1836 election | van buren vs harrison vs white. result in the elevation of an incumbent Vice President to the nation's highest office through means other than the president's death or resignation.only race in which a major political party intentionally ran several presid |
| Whig Party | Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue. |
| Daniel Webster | A leading attorney who argued many famous cases in the Supreme Court. Congressman from New Hampshire and senator representing Massachusetts. |
| Panic of 1837 | Major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads. |
| Marbury v. Madison | (1803) First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law-the Judiciary Act of 1801-unconstitutional; President John Adams's "midnight appointment'' of Federalist judges prompted the suit. |
| Barbary Pirates | plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations, 1801-1805 |
| Louisiana Purchase | President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 sq.miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocy Mts; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only 15 million |
| Merriwether Lewis | Lewis & Clark expedition; 29 years old, Jefferson's former private secretary; founded the far West- gave the United States a claim to the oregon Country by right of discovery and exploration. |
| William Clark | Lewis and Clark expedition; he was a Virginian former Army officer; founded far West and gave U.S a claim to the Oregon Country by right of discovery and exploration |
| “Corps of Discovery” | numbering nearly 50, they set out from the small village of St. Louis to ascend the muddy Missouri River. They were forced to live off the land and quickly adapted to the new environment. Lewis and Clark were the commanders of this expedition. |
| Burr Conspiracy | Scheme by Vice President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S Supreme Court |
| “paper blockade” | A blockade on land, at sea, or in the air which has been formally declared but for which enforcement forces have not been deployed, making it ineffective |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Attempt to exert economic pressure instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers easily circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later. |
| “peacable coercion” | jefferson believed the denial of American trade—to force Britain and France to respect American neutral rights. The effort, implemented by the Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act, and Macon's Bill Number Two, failed, and the United States went to war with Br |
| Pres. James Madison | Father of the Constitution, Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. |
| Albert Gallatin | Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, Congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was also a founder of New York University.; He was politically active against the Federalist Party program, and wa |
| Nonintercourse Act (1809) | , Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act. It forbade American trade only with Britain and France, and authorized the president to end non-intercourse with either nation if it stopped violating America's neutral rights. |
| War of 1812 | Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Indians in their struggle against the onslaught of settlers taking over their lands. |
| William Henry Harrison | Governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. The last Whig President, he was also the first to die in office (of pneumonia). |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | On November 7, 1811, Indiana governor William Henry Harrison (later president) defeated the Shawnee Indians at the Tippecanoe River in northern Indiana; victory fomented war fever against the British, who were believed to be aiding the Indians. |
| Gen. Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States. He represented Tennessee as a Congressman and Senator, and as a major-general he defeated the British at New Orleans in the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Horseshoe Bend | fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending |
| Fort McHenry | Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner". |
| Francis Scott Key | was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." |
| Sir Edward Packenham | styled The Honourable from his birth until 1813, was a British politician and major general who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans |
| Battle of New Orleans | Last battle of the War of 1812, fought on January 8, 1815, weeks after the peace treaty was signed but prior to its ratification; General Andrew Jackson led the victorious American troops. |
| Treaty of Ghent (1814) | Meeting of American and British delegates in the Flemish city Ghent bringing an official end to the War of 1812. |
| Hartford Convention | Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war en |
| “Era of Good Feelings” | Contemporary characterization of the administration of popular Democratic-Republican president James Monroe, 1817-25. |
| Pres. James Monroe | Virginia senator and anti-federalist who became the Fifth President of the United States. |
| economic nationalism | policies which emphasize on domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labour, goods and capital. |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) | between us and uk The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained |
| John Q. Adams | Sixth President of the United States, he served as secretary of state under James Monroe. In a close race with Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay, the decision was left up to the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House Henry Clay t |
| Tallmadge Amendment | regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Tallmadge, an opponent of slavery, sought to impose conditions on Missouri that would extinguish slavery within a generation |
| Missouri Compromise (1821) | by Kentucky senator Henry Clay to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri's admission as a slave state; Maine's admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Te |
| Henry Clay | Whig party leader, Kentucky congressman and senator, Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams and an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1824, 1832, and 1844. |
| Monroe Doctrine (1824) | President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to colonization but that the United States would honor existing colonies of European nations. |
| “corrupt bargain” | putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams; Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. |
| 1824 election | John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives |
| 1828 election | : featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and chief rival Andrew Jackson. Incumbent Vice President John C. Calhoun had sided with the Jacksonians. Richard Rush was then the choice for the vice presidency by the Adams men, or Natio |
| Rachel Jackson | wife of the 7th President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. |
| “King Mob” | ”: radical group endeavouring to contribute to worldwide proletarian social revolution, based in London during the 1970s |
| “spoils system” | The term-meaning the filling of federal government jobs with persons loyal to the party of the president-originated in Andrew Jackson's first term; the system was replaced in the Progressive Era by civil service. |
| Martin Van Buren | New York senator, Andrew Jackson's secretary of state and in his second term of office vice-president, and eighth president of the United States. |
| John C. Calhoun | South Carolina congressman, senator, vice president under John Quincy Adams as well as Andrew Jackson. At first a nationalist, he later became a defender of states rights. |
| Peggy Eaton Affair | An innkeeper's daughter and wife of Jackson's secretary of war, John Eaton. Scandal surrounding the death of her first husband caused her to be ostracized by the women of official Washington. Jackson support of her brought about the fall of Jackson's fir |
| “Tariff of Abominations” | (Tariff of 1828) Taxed imported goods at a very high rate; the South hated the tariff because it feared it would provoke Britain to reject American cotton. |
| Webster-Hayne Debate | U.S. Senate debate of January 1830 between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina over nullification and states' rights. |
| South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification | declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against |
| Force Bill | : authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs. Opponents of the bill referred to it as Jackson's Bloody Bill or War Bill. The bill was |
| “Great Compromiser” | henry clay |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | (1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma. |
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