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chapter 13 a&p
a&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are hormones | Chemical messengers released into the blood and are transported throughout the body |
| 8 process controlled by hormones | *Reproduction *Growth and development *mobilizing body defenses *maintain electrolyte balance of blood *Maintain nutrient balance of bllod *maintain water balance of blood *regulate cell metabolism thyroid *regulate energy balance partiel thyroid |
| Hormone chemical classifications | *Non-steroidal (amino acid-based molecules) *Steroids (made from cholesterol |
| Target Cells/Target organs | The cells/organs that hormones affect *hormones increase or decrease the rate of a normal metabolic process |
| Steroidal Hormones | Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on cell's DNA *Activates certain genes to transcribe mRNA |
| Nonsteroidal Hormones | *Hormone binds to membrane receptor *Enzyme catalyzes reaction that produces a 2nd messenger molecule (Camp) |
| Hormonal Stimuls | Other hormones encourage endocrine organs into action *The hormones made by the target glands increase and feed back and tell the glands to stop or slow down production |
| Humoral | The blood levels of certain ions and nutrients that change stimulate hormone release as soon as the levels increase enough secretion stops |
| Neural Stimulus | Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release *Sympathetic nervous systems (fight flight fright) |
| Endocrine Glands | No Ducts! Ductless! rich blood supply |
| Exocrine Glands | *HAVE ducts! *Release products at the body's surface or into body cavities through ducts |
| 9 Major Endocrine Organs | *pituitary gland:anterior pituitary is ENDOCRINE*Thyroid *Parathyroid *Adrenal *pineal *thymus ALL ENDOCRINE *Pancreases *Gonads *Hypothalamus are both endocrine and exocrine |
| . 5 Anterior Pituitary gland (glandular tissue) | *Growth hormone GH: effect non endocrine targets *Prolactin: effect non endocrine targets breast milk *Thyrotropic: tropic hormone *Gonadotropic 2 hormones: tropic hormones |
| Tropic Hormones | Stimulate their target organs (endocrine oragns) to secrete hormones which exerts their effects on other body organs and tissues |
| Anterior Pituitary hormones are | Proteins *act as 2nd messenger system *regulated by hormonal stimuli (negative feedback |
| Growth Hormone functions | *Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones *Cause amino acids to be built into proteins *stimulate most target cells to grow in size and divide *HELPS MAINTAIN BLOOD SUGAR |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Targets breast in humans milk prodcution no know function in males similar to GH |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Regulates adrenal cortex (OUTSIDE) activity |
| Thyroid Stimulate Hormone (TSH) | Influences growth and activity of thyroid gland |
| Gonadotropic hormones | Regulates hormonal activity of Gonads *FEMALES Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) *MALES Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) LH= Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ISCH) |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland = | Master Endocrine Gland |
| Hypothalamus makes | Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland Stores | Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Oxytocin | *Released during childbirth and in nursing females *Stimulates contractions of uterus during child birth, during sexual relations, when breast feeding *Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) when nursing *doesn't make the hormones it secretes |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Inhibits or prevents production of urine *Causes kidneys to absorb more water from forming urine so urine volume decrease and blood volume increases *Diuretics (drugs) antagonize effects of ADH so flush water from body |
| Thyroid Gland | *At base of throat inferior to adam's apple *2 lobes joined by an isthmus *makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin *is two iodine containing hormones Thyroxine Trilodothyronie T3 |
| Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin) | decreases levels of blood calcium causes calcium to be deposited in bones *antagonist to parathyroid hormone *released into blood when blood calcium increase *Theory production is meager or ceases in elderly |
| Parathyroid Gland | On posterior thyroid gland *2 glands on each thyroid love 4 total * secrete parathyroid hormone=parathormone *regulates calcium levels in blood |
| adrenal cOrtex | glandular tissue Outside |
| adrenal medulla | neural tissue and INSIDE |
| Adrenal cortex produces 3 groups of steroid hormones | *Mineralocorticoids *glucocorticoids *Sex hormones outside to inner MGS= maple grove sucks |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone is made on the OUTERMOST layer *regulates salt content of blood *Regulate water and electrolyte balance in body fluids |
| Corticoids | produced in middle layer *cortison & cortisol *control inflammation by decreasing edema *reduce pain by prostaglandins *glucose release in the blood |
| Cortison vs Cortisol | Cortison= synthetic Cortisol = produced by body adrenals |
| Sex hormones | Produced by innermost layer of cortex |
| Androgens | male sex hormones |
| Estrogens | Female sex hormones |
| adreneal= | superrenal |
| addisons disease | not enough secretion hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones *Problems with electrolyte and water balance *muscle weakness, shock |
| Signs of addisons disease | Bronze skin tone * hypoglycemia *decreased ability to deal with stress * immune system suppression |
| Cushing's syndrome | tumor in middle layer of adrenal cortex *hypersecretion of aldosterone |
| Signs of cushing's syndrome | HTN *moon face *buffalo hump or fat on upper back *hyperglycemia and maybe DM *weak bones *depressed immune system |
| HTN= | hyper tension high blood pressure |
| Adrenal medulla | Nervous tissue (inside of adrenal gland) |
| catechoiamines | help body deal with short term stressor *stimulated by sympathetic nervous system |
| Pancreatic islets | Islets of langerhans endocrine part of pancreases eye lid *exocrine aspect of pancrease deals with digeston |
| Pancreatic islets hormones produced | insulin and glucagon insulin decreases bp ONLY hormones that decreases blood glucose |
| increased blood glucose creates.. | release of insulin from beta cells of islets |
| Diabetes Mellitus Dm | Normal blood glucose= 80-120 mg/100 ml bld *cells cant use glucose so fats and proteins are broken down and used for energy which causes weight loss |
| 3 Cardinal sighns of Dm | *Polyuria-excessive urination *Polydipsia-excessive thirst *Polyphagia-excessive hunger |
| What are the two types of Dm | Type 1= Juvenile onset=Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Type 2= Adult onset = non insulin dependent diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) may need insulin oral diabetic diet & exercise |
| Glucagon | Antagonizes insulin released by alpha cell of islets when glucose is low in blood |
| Hyperglycemia | raises blood sugar Target organ is the liver |
| Pineal Gland | Found in the third ventricle of brain secretes MELATONIN peaks at night so we get tired |
| Thymus gland | posterior to sternm large in infants and children decreases in size throughout adulthood produces Thymosin |
| Female gonads | ovaries produce female sex cell eggs/ova Produces estrogens and progesterone |
| Estrogen | Secondary sex characterstics growth reprodutive orans hair in pubic and axilla Estrone and estradiol which is more common |
| Progesterone | Prepares breast tissue for lactation |
| Placenta | Hormone prodced nutrion delivery system for fetus Human chroionic gonadotropin made by embryo and fetal part of placenta |
| testes | Suspeneded in scrotum produces androgens testosterone facial hair heavy bones stimulates male sex drive produces sperm |
Created by:
buch0127
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