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PSY 321
ch 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| experiment | a study in which a researcher manipulates at least one variable and measured another. |
| manipulated variable | a variable that is controlled, such as when the researcher assign participants to a particular level (value) of the variable. |
| measured variable | a variable in an experiment whose levels (values) are observed and recorded |
| independent variable | manipulated variable |
| condition | one of the levels of the independent variable in an experiment |
| dependent variable | measured variable, outcome variable |
| control variable | any variable that n experimenter holds constant on purpose |
| comparison group | a group in an experiment whose level on the independent variable differs from those of the treatment group in some intended and meaningful way |
| control group | a level of an independent variable that is intended to represent "no treatment" or a neutral condition |
| treatment group | the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or intervention |
| placebo group | a control group that is exposed to an inert treatment (i.e. a sugar pill) |
| confounds | a general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding ( a threat to internal validity) |
| design confounds | a threat to internal validity in an experiment in which a second variable happens to vary systematically along with the independent variable and therefore is an alternative explanation for the results |
| systematic variability | in an experiment, the levels of a variable coinciding in some predictable way with experimental group membership, creating a potential confound |
| unsystematic variability | in an experiment, when levels of a variable fluctuate independently of experimental group membership, contributing to variability within groups |
| selection effect | a threat to internal validity that occurs in an independent groups design when the kinds of participants at one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those at the other level |
| random assignment | the use of a random method (i.e. flipping a coin) to assign participants into different experimental groups |
| matched groups | an experimental design technique in which participants who are similar on some measured variable are grouped into sets; the members of each matched set are then randomly assigned to different experimental conditions |
| independent group design | an experimental design in which different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variables, such that each participant experiences only one level the independent variable(between subjects design) |
| within groups design | an experimental design in which each participants is presented with all levels of the independent variable (within subject design) |
| posttest only design | an experiment using an independent groups design in which participants are tested on the dependent variable only once |
| pretest/posttest design | an experiment using an independent groups design in which participants are tested on the key dependent variable twice: once before and once after exposure to the independent variable |
| concurrent measures design | an experiment using a within groups design in which participants are exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time, and a single attitudinal or behavioral preferences in the dependent variable |
| repeated measures design | an experiment using a within groups design in which participants respond to a dependent variable more than once, after exposure to each level of the independent variable |
| power | the likelihood that a study will show a statistical significant result when some effects is truly present in the population; the probability of a type II error |
| order effect | in a within groups design, a threat to internal validity in which exposure to one condition chances participants response to a later condition |
| practice effects | a type of order effect in which people's performance improves over time because they become practiced at the dependent measure ( not because of the manipulation or treatment) |
| carryover effects | a type of order effect, in which some form of contamination carries over from one condition to the next. |
| counterbalancing | in a repeated measures experiment, presenting the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences to control for order effects |
| full counterbalancing | a method of counterbalancing in which all possible condition orders are represented |
| partial counterbalancing | a method of counterbalancing in which some, but not all, of the possible condition orders are represented. |
| latin square | a formal system of partial counter balancing that ensures that each condition in within groups design appears in each position at least once. |
| demand characteristics | a threat to internal validity that occurs when some cue leads participants to guess a study's hypothesis or goals |
| manipulation check | in an experiment, an extra dependent variable researchers can include to determine how well an experimental manipulation worked |
| pilot study | a study completed before (sometimes after) the study of primary interest, usually to test the effectiveness or characteristics of the manipulations |
Created by:
jmitch6
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