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A&P for Mx

NCETMB Review

Question	Answer
Anatomy	The study of structure
Physiology	The study of function
Homeostasis	Relative constancy of the internal environment
Midline	Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Medial	Toward the midline
Lateral	Away from the midline
Proximal	Closest to the point of origin or the trunk
Distal	Furthest from the point of origin or the trunk
Anterior	Front of the body in anatomical position
Posterior	Back of the body in anatomical position
Ventral	Front of the body in anatomical position
Dorsal	Back of the body in anatomical position
Superior	Toward the head
Inferior	Toward the feet
Superficial	Near the surface
Deep	Farther from the surface
Contralateral	Opposite sides
Ipsilateral	Same side
Antebrachium	Forearm
Antecubital	Depression on the anterior side of the elbow
Axillary	Armpit
Brachium	Arm
Buccal	Cheek
Carpal	Wrist
Cephalic	Head
Cervical	Neck
Crural	Anterior leg
Cubital	Elbow
Cutaneuos	Skin
Digital	Fingers and toes
Femoral	Thigh
Inguinal	Groin
Olecranon	Elbow
Opthalamic	Eye
Palmar	Palm of the hand
Pedal	Foot
Plantar	Sole of the foot
Popliteal	Posterior knee
Phalangeal	Fingers and toes
Sural	Posterior leg
Tarsal	Ankle
Oral	Mouth
Orbital	Around the eye
Thoracic	Chest
Pulmonary	Lungs
Cardiac	Heart
Hepatic	Liver
Renal	Kidney
Midsagittal	Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Sagittal	Divides the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal	Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal	Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse	Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Horizontal	Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Structural levels of organization	Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system
Cell	The smallest living structural unit
Ventral Cavity	Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
Dorsal Cavity	Cranial, Spinal, CNS
Thoracic Cavity	Right and left pleura, Mediastinum
Right and left pleura	Right and left lungs
Mediastinum	Heart, trachea, vena cava, esophagus
Abdominal Cavity	Right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
Right Hypocondriac	Liver
Epigastric	Liver, stomach
Left Hypocondriac	Pancreas, spleen
Right Lumbar	Ascending colon
Umbilical	Transverse colon
Left Lumbar	Descending colon
Right Inguinal	Cecum, vermiform appendix
Hypogastric	Bladder
Left Inguinal	Sigmoid colon
Pelvic Cavity	Bladder and some reproductive organs
Diaphragm - location	Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm - function	One of the three major body pumps, moving both air and fluid
Cranial Cavity	Brain
Spinal Cavity	Spinal cord
Supine	Face up
Prone	Face down (on stomach)
Lateral Recumbent	Side lying
Cell Structure	Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
Plasma membrane	Selectively permeable, double layer phospholipid membrane
Cytoplasm	Specialized living material in cell membrane mostly made up of the organelles
Organelles	Mitocondria, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cilia and flagellum
Mitocondria	Powerhouse, synthesizes ATP
Lysosome	Digestion, sometimes selfdestruct
Golgi Apparatus	Packaging center
Ribosomes	Protein synthesis
Nucleus	Brain, stores DNA
Cilia	Hairlike extensions on the surface of the cell that promote one way movement of substances across the membrane
Flagellum	Taillike projection of a sperm cell that helps propulsion
Cell Reproduction	Meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis	Division of sex cells from one parent cell into four daughter cells
Mitosis	Division of somatic cells in a 5 step process from one parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Mitosis - 5 steps	Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Interphase	The resting stage where no active division occurs
Prophase	Stage 1 of reproduction
Metaphase	Stage 2
Anaphase	Stage 3, clevage furrow appears
Telophase	Stage 4, completion of division
Passive Transport	The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient
Passive Transport - Types	Diffusion and filtration
Active Transport	The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up the concentration gradient (requires energy)
Active Transport - Types	Ion Pump
Diffusion	Substances scatter evenly throughout an available space; ie osmosis
Filtration	Substances move through the membrane because of hydrostatic pressure
Ion Pump	Carrier proteins move substances into or out of the membrane. Pinocytosis (liquids), phagocytosis (solids)
Tissue - 4 main types	Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
Connective Tissue	Most abundant; areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, blood, cartilage
Areolar	Sticky matrix that helps hold organs together
Adipose	Fat tissue that stores lipids
Fibrous	Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
Bone	Calcified matrix made up of osteocytes
Blood	Liquid matrix made up of plasma (liquid) and formed elements (solid) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Cartilage	Gristle-like matrix made up of chondrocytes; Hyalin and fibrocartilage
Hyalin	Provides flexibility and support
Fibrocartilage	More rigid, greater stability than hyalin
Thixotrophy	The property of certain gels (ie connective tissue) to become less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity on standing
Epithelial Tissue	Covers the body, lines body cavities, surrounds the organs and other structures
Epithelial Tissue - membranes	Forms cutaneous, serous, and mucous membranes
Cutaneous Membrane	Skin, largest organ of th body
Serous Membrane	Lines closed cavities
Mucous membrane	Lines surfaces that open to the exterior like in the respriatory, digestive, and urinary tracts
Epithelial Cell Classification	By shape and arrangement
Epithelial Shapes	Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
Squamous	Flat, thin
Cuboidal	Cube shaped
Columnar	Taller than wide
Transitional	Different shapes that can stretch
Epithelial Arrangements	Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
Simple	Single layer
Stratified	Many layered
Pseudostratified	A single layer packed so closely together that it appears to be more than one layer
Simple Squamous	A single layer of very thin irregularly shaped cells. Exchanges. ie capillaries
Stratified Squamous	Several layers of closely packed cells. Protects. ie epidermis
Stratified Transitional	Found in areas that stretch, like the bladder, stomach, and especially the uterus
Muscle Tissue	Striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal Tissue	Striated and voluntary
Cardiac Tissue	Striated and involuntary
Smooth Tissue	Non-striated and involuntary.
Skeletal Tissue Regulation	By the somatic division of the PNS
Cardiac Tissue Regulation	By the autonomic division of the PNS
Smooth Tissue Regulation	By the autonomic division of the PNS
Nervous Tissue	Made up of neurons and neuroglia, providing rapid communication and control of the body
Neurons	Primary nerve cells
Neuroglia	Support and protective cells for the neurons
Integumentary System	Skin, hair and nails. Functions: temperature regulation, protection, synthesis of vitamin D

Created by: selfstudy08 on 2009-06-02

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A&P for Mx

NCETMB Review