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A&P for Mx
NCETMB Review
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Anatomy | The study of structure |
Physiology | The study of function |
Homeostasis | Relative constancy of the internal environment |
Midline | Divides the body into equal right and left halves |
Medial | Toward the midline |
Lateral | Away from the midline |
Proximal | Closest to the point of origin or the trunk |
Distal | Furthest from the point of origin or the trunk |
Anterior | Front of the body in anatomical position |
Posterior | Back of the body in anatomical position |
Ventral | Front of the body in anatomical position |
Dorsal | Back of the body in anatomical position |
Superior | Toward the head |
Inferior | Toward the feet |
Superficial | Near the surface |
Deep | Farther from the surface |
Contralateral | Opposite sides |
Ipsilateral | Same side |
Antebrachium | Forearm |
Antecubital | Depression on the anterior side of the elbow |
Axillary | Armpit |
Brachium | Arm |
Buccal | Cheek |
Carpal | Wrist |
Cephalic | Head |
Cervical | Neck |
Crural | Anterior leg |
Cubital | Elbow |
Cutaneuos | Skin |
Digital | Fingers and toes |
Femoral | Thigh |
Inguinal | Groin |
Olecranon | Elbow |
Opthalamic | Eye |
Palmar | Palm of the hand |
Pedal | Foot |
Plantar | Sole of the foot |
Popliteal | Posterior knee |
Phalangeal | Fingers and toes |
Sural | Posterior leg |
Tarsal | Ankle |
Oral | Mouth |
Orbital | Around the eye |
Thoracic | Chest |
Pulmonary | Lungs |
Cardiac | Heart |
Hepatic | Liver |
Renal | Kidney |
Midsagittal | Divides the body into equal right and left halves |
Sagittal | Divides the body into unequal right and left parts |
Frontal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
Transverse | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
Horizontal | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
Structural levels of organization | Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system |
Cell | The smallest living structural unit |
Ventral Cavity | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic |
Dorsal Cavity | Cranial, Spinal, CNS |
Thoracic Cavity | Right and left pleura, Mediastinum |
Right and left pleura | Right and left lungs |
Mediastinum | Heart, trachea, vena cava, esophagus |
Abdominal Cavity | Right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal |
Right Hypocondriac | Liver |
Epigastric | Liver, stomach |
Left Hypocondriac | Pancreas, spleen |
Right Lumbar | Ascending colon |
Umbilical | Transverse colon |
Left Lumbar | Descending colon |
Right Inguinal | Cecum, vermiform appendix |
Hypogastric | Bladder |
Left Inguinal | Sigmoid colon |
Pelvic Cavity | Bladder and some reproductive organs |
Diaphragm - location | Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
Diaphragm - function | One of the three major body pumps, moving both air and fluid |
Cranial Cavity | Brain |
Spinal Cavity | Spinal cord |
Supine | Face up |
Prone | Face down (on stomach) |
Lateral Recumbent | Side lying |
Cell Structure | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles |
Plasma membrane | Selectively permeable, double layer phospholipid membrane |
Cytoplasm | Specialized living material in cell membrane mostly made up of the organelles |
Organelles | Mitocondria, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cilia and flagellum |
Mitocondria | Powerhouse, synthesizes ATP |
Lysosome | Digestion, sometimes selfdestruct |
Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center |
Ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
Nucleus | Brain, stores DNA |
Cilia | Hairlike extensions on the surface of the cell that promote one way movement of substances across the membrane |
Flagellum | Taillike projection of a sperm cell that helps propulsion |
Cell Reproduction | Meiosis and mitosis |
Meiosis | Division of sex cells from one parent cell into four daughter cells |
Mitosis | Division of somatic cells in a 5 step process from one parent cell into two identical daughter cells |
Mitosis - 5 steps | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
Interphase | The resting stage where no active division occurs |
Prophase | Stage 1 of reproduction |
Metaphase | Stage 2 |
Anaphase | Stage 3, clevage furrow appears |
Telophase | Stage 4, completion of division |
Passive Transport | The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient |
Passive Transport - Types | Diffusion and filtration |
Active Transport | The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up the concentration gradient (requires energy) |
Active Transport - Types | Ion Pump |
Diffusion | Substances scatter evenly throughout an available space; ie osmosis |
Filtration | Substances move through the membrane because of hydrostatic pressure |
Ion Pump | Carrier proteins move substances into or out of the membrane. Pinocytosis (liquids), phagocytosis (solids) |
Tissue - 4 main types | Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous |
Connective Tissue | Most abundant; areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, blood, cartilage |
Areolar | Sticky matrix that helps hold organs together |
Adipose | Fat tissue that stores lipids |
Fibrous | Collagen, Reticular, Elastic |
Bone | Calcified matrix made up of osteocytes |
Blood | Liquid matrix made up of plasma (liquid) and formed elements (solid) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
Cartilage | Gristle-like matrix made up of chondrocytes; Hyalin and fibrocartilage |
Hyalin | Provides flexibility and support |
Fibrocartilage | More rigid, greater stability than hyalin |
Thixotrophy | The property of certain gels (ie connective tissue) to become less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity on standing |
Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body, lines body cavities, surrounds the organs and other structures |
Epithelial Tissue - membranes | Forms cutaneous, serous, and mucous membranes |
Cutaneous Membrane | Skin, largest organ of th body |
Serous Membrane | Lines closed cavities |
Mucous membrane | Lines surfaces that open to the exterior like in the respriatory, digestive, and urinary tracts |
Epithelial Cell Classification | By shape and arrangement |
Epithelial Shapes | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional |
Squamous | Flat, thin |
Cuboidal | Cube shaped |
Columnar | Taller than wide |
Transitional | Different shapes that can stretch |
Epithelial Arrangements | Simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
Simple | Single layer |
Stratified | Many layered |
Pseudostratified | A single layer packed so closely together that it appears to be more than one layer |
Simple Squamous | A single layer of very thin irregularly shaped cells. Exchanges. ie capillaries |
Stratified Squamous | Several layers of closely packed cells. Protects. ie epidermis |
Stratified Transitional | Found in areas that stretch, like the bladder, stomach, and especially the uterus |
Muscle Tissue | Striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
Skeletal Tissue | Striated and voluntary |
Cardiac Tissue | Striated and involuntary |
Smooth Tissue | Non-striated and involuntary. |
Skeletal Tissue Regulation | By the somatic division of the PNS |
Cardiac Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS |
Smooth Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS |
Nervous Tissue | Made up of neurons and neuroglia, providing rapid communication and control of the body |
Neurons | Primary nerve cells |
Neuroglia | Support and protective cells for the neurons |
Integumentary System | Skin, hair and nails. Functions: temperature regulation, protection, synthesis of vitamin D |