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Personality (ch.11)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | The sum total of who you are - your attitudes and reactions, both physical and emotional. The unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life |
| Character | Value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior. Pretty black and white - either good or bad in a particular society |
| Temperament | Forms the basis upon which the larger personality is built. Enduring characteristics each person is born with, which will eventually turn into personality |
| Emotion | The feeling aspect of consciousness. A natural instinctive state of mind |
| Psychodynamic perspective | (Sigmund Freud): Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. Heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences. |
| Behaviorist perspective | (based on theories of learning): focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior and includes aspects of social cognitive theory in the interactions with others and personal thought processes also influence learning and personality |
| Humanistic perspective | focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development |
| Trait perspective | More concerned with the end result (the characteristics themselves) rather than the process of the formation of the personality and unique characteristics |
| Explain Freud's id | if it feels good, do it: Unconscious, pleasure seeking, amoral part of the personality that exists at birth. Contains hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex (or the ability to seek out pleasurable sensations). |
| Explain Freud's ego | The executive director: part of the personality that develops to deal with the reality of not always getting what you want. Mostly conscious and is far more rational, logical, and cunning than the id. - If it feels good, do it, if you can get away with it |
| Explain Freud's superego | the moral watchdog: the moral center of personality. Develops are you learn rules, customs, and expectations of society |
| Explain 2 disagreements/critisisms with Freud's studies | Disagreements with Freud's ideas on sex and sexuality, and disagreements with the nature of the unconscious mind |
| Which defense mechanism did Adler focus on? | Compensation |
| Name 10 psychological defense mechanisms (RRRRDDPICS) | Denial; Repression; Rationalization; Projection; Reaction formation; Displacment; Regression; Identification; Compensation; Sublimation |
| Denial: | refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation (Pat is an alcoholic who denies being an alcoholic) |
| Repression: | Pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of concious memory (cannot remember the abuse) |
| Projection: | Placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not oneself (likes sister's husband- denies and believes husband is attracted to her) |
| Rationalization: | making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior (If I dont have breakfast I can have that cake later and it won't hurt my diet) |
| Reaction Formation: | forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one's threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts. (charley unconsciously attracted to Sean but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals) |
| Displacement: | Express threatening feelings onto a secondary, less threatening substitute target. (Sandra gets reprimanded at work and goes home to pick fight w husband) |
| Regression: | falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations. (Four-year-old Blaine starts wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby.) |
| Identification: | trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety (Samantha really admires Emily the most popular girl in school and tries to copy her behavior and dress) |
| Compensation: | Trying to make up for areas in which there is a lack by becoming superior in another area. (not good at athletics so puts all energy into becoming academic scholar) |
| Sublimation: | turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior. (ryder who is very aggressive becomes a mixed martial arts fighter) |
| How to Behaviorists explain personality? | reseachers who use the principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans |
| How do Social Cognitive Theorists explain personality? | researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning. Both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies can lead to the formation of personality |
| What is Bandura's main principle in regards to personality? Give a definition | social cognitive view: behavior is governed by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns, and also by cognitive processes (anticipating, judging, and memory). Also learning through the imitation of models |
| Unconditional positive regard | Love, affection, and respect with no strings attached. Necessary for people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become. To be a fully functioning person, you must have unconditional positive regard. |
| Define how humanists Maslow and Rogers explain personality | Both Maslow and Rogers thought people are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything their potential will allow - self actualizing tendency |
| What are the 5 parts of personality - OCEAN | Openness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism |
| Explain the openness part of personality | a persons willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences. Closed vs. Open |
| Explain the conscientiousness part of personality | a persons organization and motivation - being on time, or taking care of belongings. Dependable vs. Undependable |
| Explain the extraversion part of personality | Withdrawn vs. Outgoing. Extravert vs. Introvert |
| Explain the agreeableness part of personality | Either easy going, friendly, and pleasant; or grumpy, crabby, and hard to get along with |
| Explain the neuroticism part of personality | emotional stability or instability. Worriers, overanxious, and moody; or even-tempered and calm |
| Measures of personality: Interviews | psychologist asks, client answers. Not super structured, but more naturally flowing. The client must be willing to report their innermost feelings |
| Measures of personality: Projective tests | the presentation of visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. |
| Measures of personality: Behavioral assessment | watch the behavior unfold in the real world through direct observation, rating scale, or frequency count |
| Measures of personality: Personality inventories | A questionnaire that has a standard list of questions that only requires specific answers (such as yes, no, can't decide). They are a form of self-report |
| Explain the MMPI test | Specifically tests for abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality. Tests for mild personality problems as well as problems such as schizophrenia and depression |
| Explain the Wechsler test | It organizes items into index scales that provide an overall score of intelligence and index scores related to specific cognitive domains |
| Explain the Rorschach test | Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the visual stimuli. 5 black blots, and 5 coloured ones. Clients say what it looks like to them. Used to describe personality, diagnose mental disorders, and predict behavior |
| CHAPTER 11, QUESTION 11 | I don't really know lots about this. It might help to read up on it at some point |
| What did Kagan study? You might want to look up more on this guy... | Shyness in children |
| What did Terman study? | Gifted children. His study demonstrated that the gifted were socially well adjusted and often skilled leaders. They were also above average in height weight and physical attractiveness putting and end to the myth of the weakling genius |
| Explain Allport's personality theory | Believed traits were wired into the nervous system, and every person’s set of traits was unique. Problem was that he found 200 traits - that is too many |
| Reliability vs. Validity | Reliability: Test produces consistent results Validity: Test measures what it is supposed to |
| Explain the correlation between health and a type A personality. Type C? | There is a corelation in feeling anxiety, stress, hostility, and having a type A personality with being more at risk for heart disease and eariler death. Type C has a correlation with cancer |
| Type A personality | Workaholics; Competitive, ambitious, hate to waste time, and are easily annoyed; Constant pressure, try to do several things at once; Always want to do more, get easily upset over small things; Find it difficult to relax and do nothing |
| Type B personality | Not competitive or driven; Easygoing, slow to anger; Relaxed and at peace |
| Type C personality | Pleasant, and try to keep at peace; Find it difficult to express emotions - especially negative ones; Tend to internilize their anger, and experience a sense of dispare over loss; Lonely; Strongly associated with cancer |
| Type H personality (Hardy) | Type A personality that thrives on stress, not letting it tear them down; Deep sense of commitment to values, beliefs, identity, work, and family; Feel they are in control of their lives When things go wrong, they see a challenge rather than a threat |
| Explain serotonin in relation to personality | Serotonin is found in people who are aggressive; Low central serotonin functioning = more impulsitiy and violence; Prone to suicide |
| Sensation seekers are __________ | More impulsive. (thrill seekers who get bored easily) |
| Walter Mischel's ideas about behavior (trait or situation?) | Trait-situation interaction (interactionist view): particular circumstances of any given situation influence the way a trait is expressed. (outgoing person telling jokes at a party, but not at a funeral) |
| Who found source and surface traits? | Raymond Cattell. |
| Surface traits vs. Source traits | Surface traits: What we see. Ex. Shyness, being quiet, and disliking crowds Source traits: What lies underneith. Ex. Introversion, a tendancy to withdraw from excessive stimulation. |
| Self-trancendance | Reaching our capacity and can find relationship with higher being. Feeling that you have agency. Humble, fulfilled, charity, love. People lower in this: more practical, less spiritual, loss of control, worldly |
| Optimism vs. Pessimism, and the areas of the brain | You actually live longer if you have a more positive look on life, that is, if you're an optimist Optemist: left brain. Pessimist: right brain |
Created by:
sara_hillyer
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