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Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Classical conditioning | When stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus. |
| Unconditioned stimulus | Evokes a response without being accustomed, like with food. |
| Unconditioned response | An unlearned response to the to an unconditioned stimulus, like excitement for food. |
| Conditioned stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus that acquires an ability to evoke a response by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, like a bell for food |
| Conditioned response | A learned response to the conditioned stimulus, like excitement after hearing bell for food. |
| Acquisition | Process by which an conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are presented in order to produce an unconditioned response. |
| Simultaneous conditioning | Presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus at the same time. |
| Short delayed conditioning | Presenting the conditioned stimulus a half second before the unconditioned stimulus - this is best way of acquisition |
| Trace conditioning | Presenting the unconditioned stimulus after the conditioned stimulus ends |
| Aversion therapy | An application to classical conditioning when alcohol/drug is mixed with nausea-producing-drug |
| Advertising | An application to classical conditioning when a product is paired with a model so an unconditioned response occurs |
| Generalization | Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, like how Albert did to the mask or scarf |
| Discrimination | A learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli |
| Extinction (Classical) | Weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus. Usually a weaker response. |
| Operant conditioning | When a behavior is enacted for a desired outcome. Also called instrumental learning. |
| Thorndike's law of effect | States that some kind of response is instrumental in obtaining a required outcome, like a puzzle box, where a cat has to pull a lever to get food |
| Skinner's box | A cage where responses are recorded and consequences are controlled. |
| Reinforcement | Skinner says this occurs when a consequence leads to an event that increases an organism's tendency to make that response |
| Shaping | Reinforcement with closer and closer approximations of a desired respose |
| Extinction (Operant) | When a reinforcement is stopped, and there is a brief surge, like smashing a button, in responding followed by a gradual decrease |
| Delayed reinforcement | Shows that the longer the delay of a response, the slower conditioning occurs |
| Positive Reinforcement | Something is added in order to increase behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | Something is removed in order to increase behavior |
| Positive Punishment | Something is added in order to decrease behavior |
| Negative Punishment | Something is removed in order to decrease behavior |
| Continuous reinforcement | When every instance of a designated response is rewarded |
| Intermittent / partial reinforcement | When response is only rewarded some of the time, which is more realistic. |
| Fixed ratio reinforcement | When reward happens after set number of responses |
| Variable ratio reinforcement | When reward happens after a unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed interval reinforcement | When first response is rewarded after set time period |
| Variable interval reinforcement | When first response is rewarded after unpredictable time period. |
| Primary reinforcers | Used to reinforce because they satisfy biological needs, like food and sleep |
| Secondary reinforcers | Acquire the ability to reinforce because they are associated with biological needs, like money and praise. |
| Higher order conditioning | When a conditioned stimulus functions as an unconditioned stimulus in order to establish new conditioning |
| Instinctive drift | When animal's innate response tendencies interfere with the conditioning process, like raccoons with two coins. |
| Conditioned taste aversion / Seligman's sauce bearnaise phenomenon | States that it is easier to pair nausea with taste than with anything else |
| Preparedness | A species' specific predisposition to be controlled a certain way, based on an evolutionary basis. |
| Observational learning | Learning solely by watching a 'model' |
| Bandora's Bobo doll expirement | Preschooler works on drawing, sees adult beat up doll, decides to beat it up as well |
| Behavior modification | Systematic approach to changing behavior through applications of the principles of operant conditioning. First identify a target response like smoking, then identify antecedents like watching TV, and reinforce. |
| Token economy | System of doling out symbolic reinforcers, like points, that are exchanged later for genuine reinforcers like money. |
| Escape Learning | When an organism acquires a response decreasing or ending aversive stimulation, usually maintained by negative reinforcement. |
| Avoidance learning | When an organism acquires a response preventing aversive stimulation, |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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