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Psy Chapter 3,11, 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When a person is talking to his best friend about something important, she continues to check her PDA and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems to be able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what he is saying: behavior is evid | parallel processing. |
| Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This BEST illustrates the impact of: | selective attention. |
| The phenomenon of blindsight BEST illustrates that visual information can be processed without: | conscious awareness |
| Sleep spindles occur in | NREM-2. |
| People with this sleep disorder experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness. | narcolepsy |
| The 90-minute sleep cycle provides an example of: | a biological rhythm. |
| _____ suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. | posthypnotic |
| Researchers have found that hypnotically refreshed memories combine: | fact with fiction |
| Research on addictive drugs MOST clearly indicates that: | most of America's ex-smokers were able to kick the habit on their own |
| Dual Processing | information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious levels |
| The Two-Track Mind | Serial conscious processing and Unconscious parallel processing |
| Unconscious parallel processing | automatic pilot” taking care of routine business |
| Serial conscious processing | solving problems with focused attention |
| Inattentional blindness | the inability to see an object or a person in our midst (cell phones) |
| Change blindness | blindness that occurs when we fail to detect changes in the environment |
| Sleep Lab | every 90 min we pass through a cycle of five distinct stages. |
| why do we sleep ? | protective role in human evolution Brain restoration and repair Store and rebuild memories of the day promotes creative problem-solving encourages growth |
| sleep disorder | insomnia( Persistent problems falling and staying asleep.) Narcolepsy( excessive uncontrollable daytime sleepiness) Sleep apnea ( A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.) |
| Sleep disorder | Night terror( a form of sleep disorder in which a person partially awakens from sleep in a state of terror) Sleepwalking( The act of getting up and walking around while asleep.) |
| Theories of Why We Dream | Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. Activation-Synthesis Theory: The brain generates random neural activity during sleep. Dreams may make sense of this activity. |
| Why we dream | Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways |
| Psychoactive Drug | A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness). |
| Addiction | Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequence |
| Dependence | Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence) |
| Depressants | Reduce neural activity and slow body functions. ! Alcohol ! Barbiturates ! Inhalants ! Tranquilizers |
| Stimulants | Excite neural activity and speed body functions Caffeine ! Nicotine ! Amphetamines ! Methamphetamines ! Cocaine |
| Opiates | Depress neural activity, relieve pain, produce feelings of euphoria ! Opium ! Morphine ! Heroin ! Methadone ! Prescription Painkillers |
| Psychedelic | Distort perceptions, alter mood and thinking ! Marijuana ! LSD ! Mescaline |
| “Club” Drugs | Synthetic stimulants/ hallucinogens used at dance clubs, parties, raves. ! Ecstasy (MDMA) ! Dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) |
| type A | Aggressive |
| type B | relax |
| Emotion-focused coping | attempting to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressful situation |
| Coping | the ways in which we try to change or reinterpret circumstances, to make them less threatening |
| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon | When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. |
| When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. | Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. |
| Emotional Ups and Downs | Generally people adapt to terrible events in the long run. |
| Stress | is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well being |
| Appraisal Model of Stress | Whether we experience stress depends on our --cognitive appraisal of the event and --the resources we have to deal with it |
| Stressors | Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging and thus trigger stress response |
| Stress -- adaptive | In a dangerous situation, we can run away and save our lives. |
| Stress -- maladaptive | Chronic stress increases our risk of illness and health problems |
| Stress and Health | Psychological states can cause physical illness. |
| Health-Related Consequences | Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) The stressed individual may go through three phases— | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| Stress Increases Risk of Heart Disease | Stress -----> elevated blood pressure ------> coronary heart disease |
| Explanatory Style | People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to cope better with stressful events, have better moods, and have a stronger immune system. |
| Social support | Social support |
| Aerobic exercise | can elevate mood because it raises energy, increases self-confidence, and lowers tension, depression, and anxiety. |
| Managing Stress | Having a sense of control, an optimistic explanatory style, and social support can reduce stress and improve health. |
| Examples of managing stress | • aerobic exercise • relaxation techniques, meditation • avoidance of stimulants, getting adequate sleep • social involvement, connection, support |
| coping | the ways in which we try to change or reinterpret circumstances, to make them less threatening |
| Emotion-focused coping | attempting to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressful situation (avoiding a hostile family member who is causing stress or seeking reassurance about the situation from a friend) |
| Problem-focused coping | targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. |
| Social Psychology | scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
| Attribution Theory | !Situation (situational attribution) or !Person’s disposition (dispositional attribution) |
| Social thinking | involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to overestimate the impact of disposition and underestimate the impact of the situation in analyzing the behaviors of others |
| cognitive components | Beliefs, thoughts ideas about the attitude objects |
| Emotional Components | feelings and emotions about the attitude objects |
| Why do actions affect attitudes? | cognitive dissonance--when we do something that is inconsistent with our attitude, we experience tension |
| the foot in the door phenomenon | is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request |
| SOCIAL INFLUENCE | We influence each other’s attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions |
| Conformity | change in behavior or thought in order to correspond more closely with that of others |
| Conformity increases when… | • the person is made to feel incompetent • the group has at least three people but is not a huge crowd • the rest of the group is unanimous • the person admires the group • group members observe the person’s behavior |
| Reasons for conforming | Normative social influence:Conform to gain approval or avoid disapproval from the group. Informational social influence: Conform by accepting other’s opinions about reality |
| Obedience | Compliance of a behavior in response to a direct command from a person in authority |
| What kinds of situations increase obedience? | The person giving the orders is close at hand and perceived to be a legitimate authority • The victim is depersonalized or in another room • No role models for disobeying the authority figure |
| Social Facilitation | The tendency for strengths in performance to be magnified when people are watching |
| Social Loafing | • People in a group feel less accountable for their actions • People in a group worry less about what others think • People in a group may view their contributions as dispensabl |
| Deindividuation | • Happens in group or crowd • Diminished self-consciousness • Loss of normal restraints • More likely to occur when there is anonymity |
| Groupthink | Happens when group members try to maintain harmony and ignore conflicting evidence or opinions |
| Behavior includes: | Examining few alternatives !Pressure to conform within the group !Pressure to withhold criticism |
| Prejudice | is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members |
| Components of Prejudice | 1. Beliefs (stereotypes) 2. Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate) |
| Proximity | Geographic nearness--repeated exposure to stimuli increases their attractiveness |
| Physical Attractivenes | the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance |
| Similarity | Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen. |
| Passionate Love: | An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
| Companionate Love | A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |
| Altruism | An unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
| Bystander Effect | Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
| Bystander Intervention | The decision-making process for bystander intervention. |
Created by:
Desire*
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