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Islam and Empires
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Islam | Means submission (to Allah) whose prophet is Muhammad (not treated like a God) |
| Quran / Koran | Holy book of Islam |
| Hadith | Book describing the sayings and actions of Muhammad. (#2 most important after Koran) |
| Sunnah | Book stating the precedents given by Muhammad. |
| Sharia | Book outlining the religious law code punishments. |
| Mosque | A worship place for Muslims |
| Imam | A male prayer leader - not of high power, just leader in regular prayer. |
| Ulama | A Muslim religious scholar |
| Juma | An afternoon Friday prayer |
| Umma | The Muslim community |
| Shahada | The Creed (1) - One Allah and Muhammad is the prophet. |
| Salat | Prayer (2) - 5 times a day towards Mecca |
| Sawm | Fasting (3) - during Month of Ramadan from sunrise to sundown. |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage (4) - to Mecca during 2 weeks in lifetime to Kaaba (stone that fell out of garden of Eve) |
| Zakat | Almsgiving (5) - charity, usually give a percentage of income towards Muslim community |
| Jihad | Means struggle - 2 of them (Greater - struggle to be a better Muslim, lesser - a holy war). |
| Muhammad | Born 570 CE, visited by angel Gabriel to preach one God. The polytheistic government upset so he fled to Medina. When he returns to Mecca, he dedicates the city to Islam |
| Hijrah | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina |
| Caliph | Muhammad's successors (new leader of Islam) - question between community vs bloodline successor led to division of Islam. |
| Sunni | Branch of Islam believing that the community should choose the successor of Muhammad (leader of Islam) - 85% of Muslims. |
| Shia (Shiism) | Branch of Islam believing that Muhammad's successor should be the new leader of Islam - 15% of Muslims |
| Ottoman Empire | Modern day Turkey's empire from 1250 to 1919 - predominantly Sunni. |
| Osman | Founder of the Ottoman Empire - given a small fiefdom in in Western Asia Minor where it began as a Ghazi (war) state used by caliphates to get power. Since Mongols destroyed Rum, he became independent to expand. |
| Mehmed the Conqueror | Ottoman Emperor who conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul in 1493 |
| Suleiman the Magnificent / Law giver | Ottoman Emperor during golden age who reorganized the law code and made the Tomb of Muhammad (The Green Dome). Later on lost interest in government after murdering his son. |
| Millet system | Made by Orhan (Osman's successor) for separate religious minorities to have limited rights (worship own religion, can't hold office / bear arms, pay special tax - becomes a problem when the empire weakens as Balkans/Armenians are persicuted |
| Sultan | Ottoman Empire leader that keeps both secular and religious aspects working parallel to each other |
| Sharia law | Ottoman Empire rule that Ulama (religious scholars) must follow the Koran |
| Shaykh al-Salam | Ottoman Empire religious leader |
| Grand Vizier | Ottoman Empire leader acting like a prime minister - worked for secular (worldly) causes |
| Sublime Porte | Ottoman Empire secular section where Grand Vizier worked - had conflicts with Shaykh al-Salam (Divan - Ministry and Secretary of State) |
| Janissaries | Ottoman Empire disciplined army made up of Balkan Christian boys that were seized and converted - disciplined + loyal |
| Devshirme | Ottoman Empire staffing system for Janissaries where young Christian boys were taken and converted to Islam - loyal b/c could move up, had no home (not attached) and Sultan paid salaries. Loyalty declines as they gain land and relationships |
| Treaty of Karlowitz | Ottoman Empire treaty in 1659 after Suleiman attempts to take over Vienna for the 3rd time and loses land - later in 1900s called Sick Man of Europe. |
| Safi ad-Din | Founder of the Safavid Empire who claimed he was a successor of Muhammad |
| Ismail | Establishes the Safavid Empire - makes Shia the religion and is intolerant of all others - captured Persia and Iraq to solidify empire |
| Shah | Safavid Empire leader |
| Shah Abbas the Great | Safavid Empire greatest leader - during cultural high point in Persia |
| Isfahan | Safavid Empire capital city that flourished during cultural high point |
| Safavid Empire | Modern day Iran and Iraq 1500 - greatest rival of Ottomans - began in region of Tabriz (Iraq / Iran) - predominantly Shiite. Collapsed to Afghani / Turksish attacks, Sunnis, and European influence. |
| Mughal Empire | Modern day Indian subcontinent 1526 - |
| Babur | Mughal Empire founder - nicknamed "The Tiger" |
| Akbar the Great | Mughal Empire greatest leader - held power over entire Indian subcontinent - reorganized the federal government to be more efficient and multinational - had religious toleration (married Hindu princess, Hindus could rise to power |
| Fatehpur Sikri | Mughal Empire capital built as a palace by Akbar the Great, now is in ruins. |
| Rajputs | Mughal Empire Akbar made alliances with these Hindu princes |
| Jizya | Mughal Empire tax repealed to all non-Muslims |
| Sikh | Mughal Empire blend of both Muslim and Hindu religion |
| Shah Jahan | Mughal Empire man who built the Taj Mahal for his wife |
| Madrasa | Mughal Empire religious schools taught in Urdu (official language of Pakistan) |
| Mansabdari | Mughal Empire feudal system that rewards for civil and military service in each state - treated peasants better. |
| Rubaiyat | Mughal Empire poems written by Omar Khayyam |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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