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Rubenstein All Vocab
Every single vocab word in the Rubenstein AP Human Geo book
Question | Answer |
---|---|
acid deposition | sulfur and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere - where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid - and return to Earth's surface |
acid precipitation | conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog |
active solar energy systems | solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collecters |
agribusiness | commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps into the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations |
agricultural density | the ratio of number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture |
agricultural revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
agriculture | deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
air pollution | concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
animate power | power supplied by people or animals |
animism | belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
annexation | legally adding land area to a city in the US |
apartheid | laws no longer in effet in South Africa that physically seperated different races into different geographic areas |
arithmetic density | total number of people divided by the total land area |
autonomous religion | religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally |
balance of power | condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries |
balkanization | process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
balkanized | small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ehtnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward eachother |
base line | an east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the US |
basic industries | industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
biodiversity | number of species within a given habitat |
biomass fuel | fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
blockbusting | process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their homes at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood |
boundary | invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory |
brain drain | large scale emigration by talented people |
branch (of a religion) | large and fundamental division within a religion |
break-of-bulk point | location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
breeder reactor | a nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium |
British Recieved Pronunciation (BRP) | the dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the UK |
bulk-gaining industry | an industry in which the final product weighs more than the inputs |
bulk-reducing industry | an industry in which the final product weighs less than the inputs |
business services | services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses |
cartography | the science of making maps |
caste | the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law |
census tract | an area delineated by the US Bureau of the Census, for which statistics are published; roughly the size of a neighborhood |
census | complete emuneration of a population |
central business district (CBD) | area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
central place theory | theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements |
central place | market area for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
centripetal force | an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
cereal grain | grass yielding grain for food |
chaff | husks of grain seperated from the seed by threshing |
chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
chloroflurocarbons (CFC) | gas used a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
circulation | short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis |
city-state | sovereign state comprising of a city and its immediate hinterland |
clustered rural settlement | rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on another territory |
colony | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
combine | a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field |
commercial agriculture | agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
compact state | a state in which the distance from the center to the boundarty does not vary significantly |
concentration | the spread of something over a given area |
concentric zone model | a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
connections | relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space |
conservation | the sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced |
consumer services | businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services |
contagious diffusion | rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
cosmogony | a set of religous beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
cottage industry | manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution |
council of government | a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the US |
counterubranization | net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs |
creole or creolized language | a language resulting from a mix of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
crop | grain or friut gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season |
crude birth rate (CBR) | total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
crude death rate (CDR) | total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
cultural ecology | geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships |
cultural landscape | fashioning of a natural landscape of a cultural group |
culture | the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition |
custom | the frequent repitition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characterisic of the group of people performing the act |
urbanization | process by which pop of cities grow |
urbanized area | central city and surrounding built-up suburbs |
metropolitan statistical area | method of measuring functional area of a city |
micropolitan statistical area | urbnzd. area between 10 and 50,000, and adj counties |
sector model | model of internal structure of cities with social group arranged around wedges out from CBD |
multiple nuclei model | city = complex structure with +1 center for activities |
squatter settlement | area in city with illegal buildings/homemade structures |
filtering | process of subdivision of houses by waves of low income people |
redlining | drawing lines on a map for areas where they won’t lend $ |
urban renewal | program where cities identify bad neighborhoods and raze and rebuild new buildings and infrastructure for private developers |
public housing | gov housing rented to low income inhab. for % of income |
gentrification | process of middle-class renovation of inner-city |
underclass | group stuck in a cycle of economic/social problems |
peripheral model | inner city surrounded by big suburban/business areas tied together by a large ring road |
edge cities | nodes of consumer and business services around ring road |
density gradient | density change in an urban area from center to periphery |
sprawl | progressive spread of development over landscape |
greenbelts | ring of land used as park or agr to discourage sprawl |
zoning ordinances | law that limits uses of land and max development density |
rush hour | peak hour; four 15 minute periods with heaviest traffic |
smart growth | legislation to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
Ind Rev | cause of pop growth in 17-1950 |
labor-intensive industry | where labor cost is high % of expenses |
trading blocs | where countries cooperate in trade, competes against other blocs |
maquiladora | factories built by border in mexico to employ cheap labor |
textile | fabric made by weaving, used in clothing |
right-to-work state | us state that has passed a law preventing unions |
Post-Fordist prod. | adoption by companies of flex. work rules, such as teams of workers to do various tasks |
site factors | location factors related to costs of prod., land, labor, capital |
situation factors | location factors related to trans. of materials to & from factories |
new international division of labor | selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs |